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We propose that deep pressure constitutes another social touch pathway of evolutionary importance signaling the close proximity of conspecifics.Tattooing and permanent make-up have become mainstream procedures. selleck chemical Many factors play a role in the final outcome of a tattoo and the satisfaction of the customer. The technical and artistic skills of the tattooist will determine the esthetic result and will help to guide the customers in their decision and choice of the tattoo. Although tattooing is by many considered as safe one should be are aware of the risks of complications related to this body modification technique. Some customers have a medical problem and some doubt about the safety of the procedure. People with increased risk of adverse events often seek medical advice prior to decide to get a tattoo or PMU. Physicians should not only be informed about the medical history of their patients but also have some basic knowledge of the practice of tattooing and the effects this procedure can exert on the skin and on the health condition of the patient. Contraindications and special precautions with regard to skin diseases and specific systemic conditions will be addressed in this article.Tattooing entails a high amount of tattoo colorants that is injected into skin. Tattoo colorants usually contain various substances of which the colouring component is the major ingredient that can be assigned to two different groups. Firstly, amorphous carbon particles (carbon black) are almost exclusively found in black tattoos. Secondly, tattooists use azo and polycyclic pigments to create nearly all colours of the visible spectrum. Due to their different but frequently complex chemistry, tattoo colorants usually contain various compounds like by-products and impurities which may exhibit health concerns. Professional tattooists inject that mixture into skin using the solid needles of tattoo machines. It is known that part of injected tattoo colorants is predominantly transported away from skin via lymphatic system. In addition to tattooing, exposure of tattooed skin to solar radiation or laser light may cause decomposition of pigment molecules leading to new and potential hazard chemical compounds. In light of the various hazard substances in the tattoo colorants and its decomposition products, tattooing might pose a health risk not only to skin but also to other organs of humans.Since 2002, it has been unclear whether epidural analgesia (EA) could safe through a lower back tattoo. Theoretical risks of pigment tissue coring have led to precautionary measures and misconception that EA should be excluded. We reviewed chronologically the 18 years of medical literature summarizing the so-called risks of EA through lower back tattoo in parturient women. To date, no convincing complication has been ever reported after an EA through a tattoo. We hope this review will bring a closure to a 18-year-old "non-issue" that has poisoned and stressed unnecessarily a generation of parturient.Tattooing is creating a permanent design by placing exogenous pigment particles and additives into the dermis. An adverse reaction may occur due to the act of tattooing and subsequent application of aftercare products. Numerous articles report the wide spectrum of adverse reactions related to tattooing, ranging from superficial infections and vasculitis to Koebner triggered autoimmune diseases. These reactions have different time of onset of symptoms, appearing immediately after placement of the tattoo until several years later. In this article we will give an overview of cutaneous non-allergic adverse reactions of tattoos.Allergic reactions in tattoos and permanent make-up are rare but they could be problematic. The clinical presentation and the histopathology are diverse and often confusing. Symptomatic treatment is frequently unsuccessful and invasive techniques can be required. Patch testing to identify the causative allergen is disappointing. The composition of the inks is complex; organic and inorganic colorants, auxiliary components and by-products must be considered. Physical factors such as ultraviolet and laser irradiation could play a role in haptenization of colorants in the skin. Clinical observation and advanced diagnostic methods can be helpful in the diagnosis. Preventive systematic skin testing with tattoo inks, apart from being time-consuming and expensive, is useless.Converging evidence demonstrates increased levels of sensitivity to infant faces in mothers. This may be reflective of a series of psychological and neurobiological changes that occur in the transition to, and during early, parenthood for the purpose of appropriate caregiving; however, this enhanced infant facial recognition is in contrast with the general adult literature regarding facial processing. In the current study, we aimed to replicate a prior study of emotion facial recognition in pregnant women in a sample of mothers with children under a year old, utilizing a paradigm in which adult and infant faces gradually changed from neutral expressions to either happy or sad expressions. Mothers were faster at the recognition of adult faces in comparison to infant faces, and were also faster at happy faces in comparison to sad faces. Results are discussed in context of the current processing literature regarding the perinatal period, and implications for the persistence of the own-age bias and happy face advantage are considered.Individuals have a drive towards maximising action efficiency, which is reflected in action choices that minimise movement costs to reach a goal. In joint actions, actors prioritise joint efficiency or coefficiency, maximising the utility of the joint action even if this comes at a cost to themselves. However, it remains an open question whether actors are willing to unilaterally sacrifice their partner's individual efficiency for the greater good, when forcing a partner to incur additional costs may be interpreted as unfair. In two experiments we explored how participants would choose to distribute a motor task that required either a fair or an unfair distribution of labour. We found that, both whether there was opportunity for reciprocity (Experiment 1) or not (Experiment 2), participants maximised the coefficiency of their joint actions, regardless of how unfair this distribution of labour proved to be regarding the individual action costs. Taken together, our results suggest participants use a rational decision-making framework that prioritises overall efficiency over both individual efficiency and a consideration of fairness.