Lindgreenkure1302

69 ± 2.37%. Additionally, the complexing capability of the main functionalities, COO- and C-OH in proteins with Cd (II) was stronger than that of C-O(H) and C-O-C in polysaccharides or C-OH in the humus-related substances. Oxygen atom in protein carboxyl C-O might be the key site of EPS-Cd (II) complexation, supported by the modified Ryan-Weber complexation model and the obvious shift of oxygen valence-electron signal. These findings provide deep insights into understanding the interaction of EPS with heavy metals in aquatic environment. selleck inhibitor Biliary tract cancers (BTC) comprise a group of rare and heterogeneous poor-prognosis tumours with the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma increasing over recent years. Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and cisplatin is the established first-line treatment for advanced BTC with a significant but modest survival advantage over monotherapy. There remains no accepted standard treatment in the second-line setting, although recent results from a randomised study have shown a survival benefit with 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin chemotherapy. Historically, clinical trials investigating targeted therapies in unselected BTC have failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefit. More recently, advancement in molecular exploration of BTC has shed light on the complex biological heterogeneity within these tumours and has also identified actionable genomic aberrations, such as fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene fusions, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and BRAF mutations, which offer promise with the anticipation of increased responses and durable clinical benefit in selected patients. Several targeted drugs have now entered clinical development with some encouraging results being seen. Here we review the current and rapidly evolving therapeutic landscape of advanced BTC, including targeted therapies and immunotherapy. We also discuss how recent efforts and successes in BTC are overcoming the obstacles typically associated with precision medicine in rare cancers. Ultimately, the management of advanced BTC is likely to become molecularly selected in the near future with the hope of finally improving the bleak prognosis of patients with this disease. Therapeutic options for metastatic bladder cancer (BC) have seen minimal evolution over the past 30 years, with platinum-based chemotherapy remaining the mainstay of standard of care for metastatic BC. Recently, five immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been approved by the FDA as second-line therapy, and two ICIs are approved as first-line treatment in selected patients. Molecular alterations of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) have been reported by The Cancer Genome Atlas. About 15% of patients with MIBC have molecular alterations in the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) axis. Several ongoing trials are testing novel FGF receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in patients with FGFR genomic aberrations. Recently, erdafitinib, a pan-FGFR inhibitor, was approved by the FDA in patients with metastatic BC who have progressed on platinum-based chemotherapy. We reviewed the literature over the last decade and provide a summary of current knowledge of FGF signaling, and the prognosis associated with FGFR mutations in BC. We cover the role of FGFR inhibition with non-selective and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as novel agents in metastatic BC. Efficacy and safety data including insights from mechanism-based toxicity are reported for selected populations of metastatic BC with FGFR aberrations. Current strategies to managing resistance to anti-FGFR agents is addressed, and the importance of developing reliable biomarkers as the therapeutic landscape moves towards an individualized therapeutic approach. In this study, the solubility, density and viscosity of sorbitol as a sugar alcohol in the ([mmim](MeO)2PO2) ionic liquid (IL) were measured. The results indicated that sorbitol is highly soluble in this IL. The Flory-Huggins model with an average value for the χ parameter was successfully applied to predict the solubility of sorbitol in IL. The thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free energy of dissolution were obtained using experimental solubility data, which demonstrated that the dissolution process is endothermic and non-spontaneous and includes an entropy increase. In addition, the apparent molar volume, apparent molar expansion and thermal expansion coefficient were calculated. The study of the rheological behavior revealed that the sorbitol/IL solution is Newtonian and the Arrhenius, Litovitz, Orrick-Erbar-Type and Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman models were used to correlate the viscosity data. Water dynamics and protein denaturation in surf clam during heating were studied by the two-dimensional low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) T1-T2 relaxation technique. A significant change was found for clam around 80 °C and direct visualization of the water state change was provided by the magnetic resonance imaging. Principal components and heatmap analysis revealed that clam treated at 80-100 °C located at different region from those treated at 40-70 °C. The clams heated at 80 °C showed a maximum water holding capability, and significant microstructure change. The differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated a denaturation of protein when the temperature was over 80 °C. The hardness and chewiness had a maximum value at 80 and 70 °C, respectively. The color parameter L* showed a significant increase when temperature was over 80 °C. This demonstrated that the T1-T2 technique has potential in evaluating water dynamics for surf clam during heating. The cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assay is wildly used for quantifying antioxidant activities of foods and dietary supplements in vitro. Among various incubation and handling buffers used in different laboratories, the inconsistence in concentrations of ions, particularly calcium and magnesium, has somehow been neglected. We hired the Hank's balanced salt solution with or without calcium and magnesium to perform CAA assay in Caco-2 cells and HepG2 cells, evaluating the impacts of these cations. The absence of calcium and magnesium reduced intracellular ROS level and underestimated the CAA of quercetin, Trolox and catechin. The abnormally high extracellular calcium and magnesium can also produce inaccurate results. Hank's buffer is recommended to ensure the accuracy and reproducibility. It elucidates precautions must be taken on these cations' concentrations of the buffers while conducting CAA determinations on different types of cells and when comparing foods and beverages with various calcium/magnesium contents. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is a weed naturally found in driveways, lawns, and fields and edible in many regions of Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Australia. The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional and phytochemical components of cultivated and wild purslane. Omega-3 contents of both purslane genotypes were comparable with 189.16 ± 25.52 mg/100 g dry weight and 188.48 ± 6.35 mg/100 g dry weight in cultivated and wild purslane leaves, respectively. Omega-6/omega-3 ratio (11-13) were low in both genotypes. However, high levels of oxalic acid were observed. Cultivated contained greater amounts of amino acids and vitamins than wild purslane. Of the 184 compounds identified in both genotypes by LC-MS/MS, including phenolic acids, organic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and betanin, more than 80 showed greater than two-fold abundance in the wild compared to cultivated purslane. Purslane has the potential to be cultivated as a food ingredient for nutraceutical applications. This study aims to investigate the formation of α-dicarbonyl compounds in fruit juices and nectars during storage using multi-response kinetic modeling approach. Changes in the concentrations of sugars, amino acids, α-dicarbonyl compounds (glucosone, 3-deoxyglucosone, threosone, methylglyoxal, glyoxal) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in apple juice, orange juice and peach nectar were monitored during storage. The concentrations of free amino acids showed no statistically significant change during storage. This suggested that sugar degradation reactions were found responsible for α-dicarbonyl compound formation. In apple and orange juices, the reaction rate constant of glucosone formation was found higher than that of 3-deoxyglucosone formation. Contrary, in peach nectar, 3-deoxyglucosone formation was the dominant. The contribution of fructose dehydration through fructofuranosyl cation on the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was significantly higher (p  less then  0.05) than 3-deoxyglucosone dehydration. The use of multi-response kinetic modeling provided better understanding the most possible pathway of sugar degradation reactions in fruit juices. The fermentation of mare's milk into koumiss produces many beneficial functional compounds depending on the metabolism of the initial microbial flora. In this study, metabolites found in mare's milk and resulting koumiss were identified. Major metabolic pathways in the fermentation were also identified using an UPLC-Q-TOF-MS-based metabolomics method. In total, 354 metabolites were identified 61 were up-regulated and 105 were down-regulated. Metabolic pathway analyses revealed that c-5-branched dibasic acid metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, arginine and proline metabolism, valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, vascular smooth muscle contraction, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and ß-alanine metabolism showed significant increases. A hierarchical cluster analysis of metabolites indicated a clear grouping pattern in which the relative concentrations of p-pyruvate, 20-HETE, 4-aminobutanoate, uracil, acetoacetate, and γ-linolenic acid differed significantly between milk and koumiss. This study provides reference values for metabolic isolates and bioactive compounds purification in mare's milk and koumiss. Egg ovalbumin (OVA) as a prevalent dietary protein and has the potential to serve as a carrier for unstable bioactive compounds, however, understanding their interaction mechanism is the preliminary step. In this work, the interactions between cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) and OVA in both acidic and neutral pH environment were investigated by spectroscopic methods and molecular docking analysis. The results revealed that fluorescence quenching mechanism of OVA-C3G was predominantly static. The main acting forces were hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces under varying pH conditions. However, the binding affinity of C3G to OVA was higher in neutral environment than that in acidic condition. The binding of C3G slightly increased the diameter of the complex, resulting in increase of α-helix, decrease of β-turn, random coil, and total main secondary structure. Moreover, the thermostability of C3G was significantly improved after OVA addition, suggesting its promising application in functional foods. The influence of select salts from the lyotropic series (NH4Cl, KCl, NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and MgSO4) on the rheology and stickiness of dough prepared from a strong (Pembina) and a weak (Harvest) hard red spring wheat flour were examined at a 1 and 2% salt levels, with water mobility and water association with different dough components also being assessed at the 1% salt level. Overall, Pembina was found to develop stronger gluten networks that were more resilient than those of Harvest as evident from a lower tan δ and less compliance during shear creep recovery rheology. However, the effect of salt-type differed based on cultivar. Pembina showed lower dough stickiness than Harvest in all cases. NH4Cl decreased dough stickiness the most for both cultivars. The use of alternative salts affected the association of water with the starch-fraction and gluten-fraction in doughs, and this effect was cultivar-dependent.