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To understand human taste requires not only physiological studies ranging from receptor mechanisms to brain circuitry, but also psychophysical studies that quantitatively describe the perceptual output of the system. As obvious as this requirement is, differences in research approaches, methodologies, and objectives complicate the ability to meet it. Discussed here is an example of how the discovery two decades ago of a perceptual taste illusion (thermal taste) has led to physiological and psychophysical research on both peripheral and central mechanisms of taste, including most recently a psychophysical study of the heat sensitivity of the human sweet taste receptor TAS1R2/T1R3, and an fMRI study of a possible central gain mechanism that may underlie, in part, differences in human taste sensitivity. In addition to the new data and hypotheses these studies have generated, they illustrate instances of research on taste motivated by evidence derived from different approaches and levels of analysis.

Identification of chemicals present in e-liquids and aerosols is a vital first step in assessing the human health effects of e-cigarettes. We aim to identify the qualitative and quantitative constituents present in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols.

A comprehensive search of scientific databases included literature up to July 2020. A total of 28 articles met inclusion criteria; 18 articles assessed e-liquid constituents and 15 articles assessed aerosol constituents. Of these, 5 assessed constituents present in both mediums. We included English-language publications that examine qualitative and/or quantitative constituents in e-cigarette liquids and aerosols.

In total, articles identified 60 compounds in e-liquids and 47 compounds in aerosols. A total of 22 compounds were identified in both e-liquids and aerosols. These are acenaphthylene, acetaldehyde, acetol, antimony, benzaldehyde, benzene, chromium, copper, diacetyl, formaldehyde, glycerol, lead, limonene, naphthalene, nickel, nicotine, nicotine-N'-oxthe first step to determine their risks to humans and support evidence-based regulations and health policies.

The COVID-19 pandemic brought several challenges to cancer practice, especially to ensure continuity of treatment during this period, minimizing the risks of transmission to a vulnerable population. For Radiation Oncology departments in Brazil, this contingency has become even more complex due to the significant impact observed in different sectors of society, the large number of cases and deaths by COVID-19. This study estimated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Brazilian Radiation Oncology departments and the coping measures used in the country.

The Brazilian Radiotherapy Society (SBRT) developed a questionnaire with 14 questions, sent to all heads of Radiation Oncology departments in the country, between May and June 2020. These data were evaluated regarding cases confirmed and deaths by COVID-19 in epidemiological week 28, on July 11, 2020.

One hundred twenty-six questionnaires from different regions were answered, representing 44% of the country's services. A drop in the number of patients waseir characteristics and coping measures adopted during the pandemic.

COVID19* is a new disease with significant mortality risk. Because of the scarcity of the study on factors associated with the mortality in Tamil Nadu present study was done to determine the factors associated with the outcome of the COVID19 patients admitted in a tertiary care hospital, Madurai.

4530 lab confirmed COVID19 patients admitted from March to August 31st

2020; excluding the non-responders or who gave incomplete information were included in the study. Data retrieved from Case Investigation Forms *filled through telephonic interview. Chi -square test, Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to find out the association between the factors and risk of death(outcome).

Out of 4530 COVID19 positive patients 381(8.4%) died and 4149(91.6%) were discharged. Using multivariate logistic regression* following were the factors predicted to be associated with mortalityAge group <17yrs(PR=4.12),30-44yrs(PR=2.28),45-59(PR=3.12),60-69(PR=4.26) and≥70(PR=7.05); male gender(PR=1.26); breathlessness at the time of admission(PR=7.05); with 1symptom (PR=2.58), 2symptoms(PR=3.16) and≥3 symptoms(PR=2.45); chronic kidney disease(PR=3.07), malignancy(PR=2.39); other chronic diseases(PR=1.89); having only diabetes(PR=1.58); diabetes with hypertension (PR=1.70); diabetes with heart disease(PR=1.94); Hypertension with heart disease(PR=2.30); diabetes with hypertension and heart disease(PR=1.58). Foretinib cell line Survival probability* was more than 90% when patient gets admitted within a week after symptom onset,<80% for between 7 and 10 days and declines thereafter.

Early insights into factors associated with COVID-19 deaths have been generated in the context of a global health emergency *which may help the treating physician.

Early insights into factors associated with COVID-19 deaths have been generated in the context of a global health emergency *which may help the treating physician.

To determine whether the incidence of chalazion increased significantly in the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles County following the widespread adoption of face mask wear in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

This is a retrospective multicenter study of two ophthalmology institutions a private Oculoplastics practice in San Francisco and the Oculoplastics division of the Stein Eye Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles. All patients seen during the studied time periods with a diagnosis of chalazion or hordeolum were identified through review of electronic medical records and included in the study. Incidence was determined for each month between January and August 2020, and compared to data from prior years via ANOVA to evaluate for changes after the onset of the pandemic.

In San Francisco, the incidence of chalazion rose significantly in June through August of 2020 when compared to the same interval in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019. In Los Angeles, the rise in chalazion incidence in 2020 was also statistically significant when compared to data from the years 2018 and 2019.