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Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) is an uncommon and a potentially life-threatening condition if not promptly recognized and properly treated. The aim of our study was to present a 32-case series of patients diagnosed with SBO at a single center.

In this retrospective study, we reviewed the data of patients diagnosed with otogenic SBO between January 2011 and January 2020. 32 patients were enrolled in the study. Bismuth subnitrate SBO diagnosis was based on a combination of symptoms and physical examination, bone scan, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and pathologic examination findings. The following clinical data were collected during the follow-up period types of antibiotics used, duration of antibiotic treatment, C-reactive protein level, presence of disease control, duration from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis, and patient survival.

The mean follow-up period was 11 (1-110) months. The mean duration of antibiotic treatment was 115 (19-223)days. The mean C-reactive protein levels at the time of diagnosis and at the endpoint of follow-up were 3.05 (0.56-18.31) and 0.21 (0.03-33.61)mg/dL, respectively (P < 0.001). Disease control rate was 34.9% at 1-year and 83.7% at 5-year follow-up. Patient survival rate was 90.6% at 1- and 3-year follow-ups. At the endpoint of follow-up, three patients died. The mean durations from the onset of symptoms to diagnosis were 50 (5-360) and 90 (30-480) days in patients with the controlled disease and in those with the uncontrolled disease, respectively, at the endpoint of follow-up (P = 0.043).

Comprehensive assessment and aggressive treatment of patients exhibiting symptoms suggestive of SBO would help in the rapid diagnosis of otogenic SBO, resulting in an improvement in prognosis.

Comprehensive assessment and aggressive treatment of patients exhibiting symptoms suggestive of SBO would help in the rapid diagnosis of otogenic SBO, resulting in an improvement in prognosis.

Competent otoscopy is a key otolaryngology skill for a broad range of medical careers, yet undergraduate's confidence to perform otoscopy is reported as low. Smartphoneotoscopes have been suggested to improve undergraduates learning of normal eardrum anatomy because unlike the traditional otoscope, the learner and educator share the same image. This study aimed to evaluate whether a smartphoneotoscope could enhance medical undergraduates recognition of common ear pathology.

52 medical students were randomised into a standard group that used a traditional otoscope and an intervention group that used a smartphoneotoscope. Both groups received a short didactic presentation on the recognition of common ear pathologies and were asked to diagnose four simulated pathologies. Both groups received feedback and guidance on how to better visualise the tympanic membrane. Force response items and 5-point Likert scales loaded on an electronic platform recorded their diagnosis and their perceptions towards the otoscope.

The smartphone-group (n = 20) had higher overall rates of correct diagnosis compared to control (n = 22) (84% vs. 39%, p = < 0.001). Only the grommet station did not show a significant improvement between the two groups (100% vs. 91%, p = 0.49). 90% (n = 20) of participants felt the smartphone otoscope was preferential for their learning. The same number expressed that they want to use it in future learning. The remainder were indifferent.

The smartphoneotoscope enabled learners to better observe and recognise middle ear pathology. This popular learning tool has the potential to accelerate the learning curve of otoscopy and therefore improve the proficiency of future doctors at recognising middle ear diseases.

The smartphone otoscope enabled learners to better observe and recognise middle ear pathology. This popular learning tool has the potential to accelerate the learning curve of otoscopy and therefore improve the proficiency of future doctors at recognising middle ear diseases.

The role of the microbiome in the paranasal sinuses and its contribution to sinus mucosal health and disease remains poorly understood. Consequently, we examined the nasal microbiome of chronic rhinosinusitis patients with polyps (CRSwNP), chronic sinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and a control population, associated with IL-5 of nasal polyp tissues and postoperative follow-up of CRSwNP patients, in search of nasal microbial community characteristics related to pathogenesis and prognosis of CRSwNP, providing a new perspective for further understanding of the disease.

The middle meatus secretions of 77 CRSwNP, 36 CRSsNP and 34 non-CRS subjects were collected. The bacterial microbiome composition was detected using high-throughput sequencing technology based on 16S rRNA, and the differences in the nasal microbial diversity among the three groups were compared. At the same time, nasal polyp tissues were collected to detect the expression of IL-5 and analyse its relationship with the structural characten conclusion, microbial dysbiosis in the nasal cavity is associated with the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. In Southwest China, the inflammatory pattern of nasal polyps is not dominated by eosinophilic infiltration of Th2-type inflammation. The recurrence of nasal polyps after ESS may be potentially related to the decrease in protective bacteria and the increase in pathogenic bacteria, and the improvement of postoperative bacterial disorder is correlated with the nonrecurrence of CRSwNP.

In conclusion, microbial dysbiosis in the nasal cavity is associated with the pathogenesis of CRSwNP. In Southwest China, the inflammatory pattern of nasal polyps is not dominated by eosinophilic infiltration of Th2-type inflammation. The recurrence of nasal polyps after ESS may be potentially related to the decrease in protective bacteria and the increase in pathogenic bacteria, and the improvement of postoperative bacterial disorder is correlated with the nonrecurrence of CRSwNP.An effective host immune system prevents the growth of most cancer cells. However, as intestinal nematodes are able to induce both immunotolerance and immunosuppression in the host, it is possible that their presence could allow co-occurring cancer cells to proliferate and metastasize. Our findings indicate that previous, subsequent or concurrent intestinal nematode infection affects the formation of lung metastatic nodules in mice experimentally infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. In addition, pre-infection with nematodes renders mice resistant to metastasis development in lungs, with the inoculated EL4 cancer cells being located mainly in mesenteric lymph nodes. The present paper discusses the nematode-induced mechanisms which may influence the metastatic process.