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We achieved an average classification accuracy of 83.1% (p less then 0.004) and AUC of 0.937 (p less then 0.002), respectively. Similarly, we achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 87.0 and 79.7%. The classification results from this study suggest that graph matrices derived from rsFC can be used as biomarkers of LBP. In addition, our findings suggest that the proposed feature selection method, Enet-subset, might act as a better technique to remove redundant variables and improve the performance of the machine learning classifier.Background Fluorescence-guided brain tumor surgery using fluorescein sodium (FNa) for contrast is effective in high-grade gliomas. However, the effectiveness of this technique for visualizing noncontrast-enhancing and low-grade gliomas is unknown. This report is the first documented case of the concurrent use of wide-field fluorescence-guided surgery and confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) with high-dose FNa (40 mg/kg) for intraoperative visualization of tumor tissue cellularity in a nonenhancing glioma. Case Description A patient underwent fluorescence-guided surgery for a left frontal lobe mass without contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging. The patient received 40 mg/kg FNa intravenously at the induction of anesthesia. Surgery was performed under visualization with a Yellow 560 filter and white-light wide-field imaging. Intraoperative CLE produced high-quality images of the lesion 1.5 h after FNa injection. Frozen-section analysis demonstrated findings comparable to those of intraoperative CLE visualization and consistent with World Health Organization (WHO) glioma grades II-III. The patient recovered without complications. Analysis of the permanent histologic sections identified the tumor as an anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, 1p/19q co-deleted, consistent with WHO grade III because of discrete foci of hypercellularity and increased mitotic figures, but large regions of the lesion were low grade. Conclusions The use of high-dose FNa in this patient with a nonenhancing borderline low-grade/high-grade glioma produced actionable wide-field fluorescence imaging using the operating microscope and improved CLE visualization of tumor cellularity. Higher doses of FNa for intraoperative CLE imaging and possible simultaneous wide-field fluorescence surgical guidance in nonenhancing gliomas merit further investigation.Purpose Increased gait variability in stroke survivors indicates poor dynamic balance and poses a heightened risk of falling. Two primary motor impairments linked with impaired gait are declines in movement precision and strength. The purpose of the study is to determine whether force-control training or strength training is more effective in reducing gait variability in chronic stroke survivors. Methods Twenty-two chronic stroke survivors were randomized to force-control training or strength training. Participants completed four training sessions over 2 weeks with increasing intensity. The force-control group practiced increasing and decreasing ankle forces while tracking a sinusoid. The strength group practiced fast ankle motor contractions at a percentage of their maximal force. Both forms of training involved unilateral, isometric contraction of the paretic, and non-paretic ankles in plantarflexion and dorsiflexion. Before and after the training, we assessed gait variability as stride length and stride time variability, and gait speed. To determine the task-specific effects of training, we measured strength, accuracy, and steadiness of ankle movements. Results Stride length variability and stride time variability reduced significantly after force-control training, but not after strength training. Both groups showed modest improvements in gait speed. We found task-specific effects with strength training improving plantarflexion and dorsiflexion strength and force control training improving motor accuracy and steadiness. Conclusion Force-control training is superior to strength training in reducing gait variability in chronic stroke survivors. Improving ankle force control may be a promising approach to rehabilitate gait variability and improve safe mobility post-stroke.Visual working memory (VWM), the core process inherent to many advanced cognitive processes, deteriorates with age. Elderly individuals usually experience defects in the processing of VWM. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is a key structure for the top-down control of working memory processes. Many studies have shown that repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves VWM by modulating the excitability of neurons in the target cortical region, though the underlying neural mechanism has not been clarified. Therefore, this study sought to assess the characteristics of brain memory function post-rTMS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The study stimulated the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in elderly individuals by performing a high-frequency rTMS protocol and evaluated behavioral performance using cognitive tasks and a VWM task. Based on the simultaneously recorded electroencephalogram signals, event-related potential and event-related spectral perturbation analysis techniques were used to investigate the variation characteristics of event-related potential components' (N2PC and CDA) amplitudes and neural oscillations in elderly individuals to elucidate the effect of high-frequency rTMS. The results found that rTMS enhanced VWM performance and significantly improved attention and executive function in elderly individuals with subjective cognitive decline. We therefore speculate that rTMS enhances VWM by increasing the N2PC and CDA amplitude, alongside increasing β oscillation activity. This would improve the attention and allocation of resources in elderly individuals such as to improve an individual's VWM.Parkinson's disease is characterised by the presence in brain tissue of aberrant inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites, which are deposits composed by α-synuclein and a variety of other cellular components, including in particular lipid membranes. The dysregulation of the balance between lipid homeostasis and α-synuclein homeostasis is therefore likely to be closely involved in the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies. As our understanding of this balance is increasing, we describe recent advances in the characterisation of the role of post-translational modifications in modulating the interactions of α-synuclein with lipid membranes. We then discuss the impact of these advances on the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools for synucleinopathies.Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the special stroke subtypes with high mortality and mobility. Although the mortality of SAH has decreased by 50% over the past two decades due to advances in neurosurgery and management of neurocritical care, more than 70% of survivors suffer from varying degrees of neurological deficits and cognitive impairments, leaving a heavy burden on individuals, families, and the society. Recent studies have shown that white matter is vulnerable to SAH, and white matter injuries may be one of the causes of long-term neurological deficits caused by SAH. Attention has recently focused on the pivotal role of white matter injury in the pathophysiological processes after SAH, mainly related to mechanical damage caused by increased intracerebral pressure and the metabolic damage induced by blood degradation and hypoxia. In the present review, we sought to summarize the pathophysiology processes and mechanisms of white matter injury after SAH, with a view to providing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of long-term cognitive dysfunction after SAH.Background Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is a thyroid hormone transmembrane transporter protein. MCT8 deficiency induces severe X-linked psychomotor retardation. Previous reports have documented delayed myelination in the central white matter (WM) in these patients; however, the regional pattern of myelination has not been fully elucidated. Here, we describe the regional evaluation of myelination in four patients with MCT8 deficiency. We also reviewed the myelination status of previously reported Japanese patients with MCT8 deficiency based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Case Reports Four patients were genetically diagnosed with MCT8 deficiency at the age of 4-9 months. In infancy, MRI signal of myelination was observed mainly in the cerebellar WM, posterior limb of internal capsule, and the optic radiation. There was progression of myelination with increase in age. Discussion We identified 36 patients with MCT8 deficiency from 25 families reported from Japan. The available MRI images were obtained at the age of less then 2 years in 13 patients, between 2 and 4 years in six patients, between 4 and 6 years in three patients, and at ≥6 years in eight patients. Cerebellar WM, posterior limb of internal capsule, and optic radiation showed MRI signal of myelination by the age of 2 years, followed by centrum semiovale and corpus callosum by the age of 4 years. Most regions except for deep anterior WM showed MRI signal of myelination at the age of 6 years. Conclusion The sequential pattern of myelination in patients with MCT8 deficiency was largely similar to that in normal children; however, delayed myelination of the deep anterior WM was a remarkable finding. Further studies are required to characterize the imaging features of patients with MCT8 deficiency.Light exposure profoundly affects human physiology and behavior through circadian and neuroendocrine photoreception primarily through the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Recent research has explored the possibility of using temporally patterned stimuli to manipulate circadian and neuroendocrine responses to light. This mini-review, geared to chronobiologists, sleep researchers, and scientists in adjacent disciplines, has two objectives (1) introduce basic concepts in time-varying stimuli and (2) provide a checklist-based set of recommendations for documenting time-varying light exposures based on current best practices and standards.Anatomical segmentation of brain scans is highly relevant for diagnostics and neuroradiology research. Conventionally, segmentation is performed on T 1-weighted MRI scans, due to the strong soft-tissue contrast. G6PDi-1 In this work, we report on a comparative study of automated, learning-based brain segmentation on various other contrasts of MRI and also computed tomography (CT) scans and investigate the anatomical soft-tissue information contained in these imaging modalities. A large database of in total 853 MRI/CT brain scans enables us to train convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for segmentation. We benchmark the CNN performance on four different imaging modalities and 27 anatomical substructures. For each modality we train a separate CNN based on a common architecture. We find average Dice scores of 86.7 ± 4.1% (T 1-weighted MRI), 81.9 ± 6.7% (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI), 80.8 ± 6.6% (diffusion-weighted MRI) and 80.7 ± 8.2% (CT), respectively. The performance is assessed relative to labels obtained using the widely-adopted FreeSurfer software package.