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05). There was no statistically significant difference between the two techniques when looking at the D2%(Gy), D98%(Gy), D50%(Gy), homogeneity (HI), and conformity index (CI) data for both groups. selleck screening library When the critical organ doses were evaluated, there was a statistically significant difference only in the V20(%) values of the lungs, but these differences were not very large. Monitor unit (MU) data were found to be lower in FF planning, and treatment time was lower in FFF planning. Except for shorter treatment times, and of the lungs V20(%) value, in standard fractionated RT of lung cancer, there was no significant difference between the use of FFF and FF techniques for large and small target volumes.Physical inactivity generates muscle atrophy in most mammalian species. In contrast, hibernating mammals demonstrate limited muscle loss over the prolonged intervals of immobility during winter, which suggests that they have adaptive mechanisms to reduce disuse muscle atrophy. To identify transcriptional programs that underlie molecular mechanisms attenuating muscle loss, we conducted a large-scale gene expression profiling in quadriceps muscle of arctic ground squirrels, comparing hibernating (late in a torpor and during torpor re-entry after arousal) and summer active animals using next generation sequencing of the transcriptome. Gene set enrichment analysis showed a coordinated up-regulation of genes involved in all stages of protein biosynthesis and ribosome biogenesis during both stages of hibernation that suggests induction of translation during interbout arousals. Elevated proportion of down-regulated genes involved in apoptosis, NFKB signaling as well as significant under expression of atrogenes, upstream regulators (FOXO1, FOXO3, NFKB1A), key components of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (FBXO32, TRIM63, CBLB), and overexpression of PPARGC1B inhibiting proteolysis imply suppression of protein degradation in muscle during arousals. The induction of protein biosynthesis and decrease in protein catabolism likely contribute to the attenuation of disuse muscle atrophy through prolonged periods of immobility of hibernation.A 338-year oxygen isotope record from teak tree-ring cellulose collected from Mae Hong Son province in northwestern Thailand was presented. The tree-ring series preserves the isotopic signal of the regional wet season rainfall and relative humidity. Tree-ring δ18O correlates strongly with regional rainfall from May to October, showing coherent variations over large areas in Southeast Asia. We reconstructed the summer monsoon season (May to October) rainfall based on a linear regression model that explained 35.2% of the actual rainfall variance. Additionally, we found that in the 19th century, there was a remarkable drought during many years that corresponded to regional historic drought events. The signals of the June to September Indian summer monsoon (ISM) for the period between 1948 and 2009 were clearly found. Spatial correlations and spectral analyses revealed a strong impact of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on tree-ring δ18O. However, ENSO influenced the tree-ring δ18O more strongly in the 1870-1906, 1907-1943, and 1944-1980 periods than in the 1981-2015 period, which corresponded to periods of weaker and stronger ISM intensity.To date, there are few studies that have evaluated the prognostic impact of changes in abdominal obesity or weight on long-term adverse kidney outcomes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the effect of changes in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body weight (BW) on chronic kidney disease (CKD) development, especially in non-obese NAFLD patients. We included 6,137 participants from a community-based prospective cohort with 12-year follow-up in Korea. NAFLD patients were categorized according to time-averaged percent changes in WHR and BW (≤-5%, >-5% to -5% to less then 5%), patients with a decreased WHR (≤-5%) had a significantly attenuated risk of CKD development (HR = 0.300; 95% CI = 0.194-0.464). Furthermore, risk reduction from decreased WHR for developing CKD remained significant in non-obese NAFLD patients (HR = 0.290; 95% CI = 0.114-0.736). In conclusion, a decrease in WHR of more than 5% significantly reduced the risk of CKD development in NAFLD patients, even in those who were non-obese. Thus, serial monitoring of WHR may be prioritized in the management of NAFLD.The ability to analyze protein function in a native context is central to understanding cellular physiology. This study explores whether tagging endogenous proteins with a reporter is a scalable strategy for generating cell models that accurately quantitate protein dynamics. Specifically, it investigates whether CRISPR-mediated integration of the HiBiT luminescent peptide tag can easily be accomplished on a large-scale and whether integrated reporter faithfully represents target biology. For this purpose, a large set of proteins representing diverse structures and functions, some of which are known or potential drug targets, were targeted for tagging with HiBiT in multiple cell lines. Successful insertion was detected for 86% of the targets, as determined by luminescence-based plate assays, blotting, and imaging. In order to determine whether endogenously tagged proteins yield more representative models, cells expressing HiBiT protein fusions either from endogenous loci or plasmids were directly compared in functional assays. In the tested cases, only the edited lines were capable of accurately reproducing the anticipated biology. This study provides evidence that cell lines expressing HiBiT fusions from endogenous loci can be rapidly generated for many different proteins and that these cellular models provide insight into protein function that may be unobtainable using overexpression-based approaches.High temperatures (HT) before heading strongly inhibit the development of spikelets in rice. Spermidine (Spd) can improve rice's resistance to HT stress; however, the mechanism underlying this effect has not been elucidated. This study investigated several parameters, including yield, superoxide anion (O2.-), protective enzyme activities, and polyamine content, in a heat-sensitive genotype, Shuanggui 1. The yield and yield components decreased dramatically when subjected to HT stress, while this reduction could be partially recovered by exogenous Spd. Spd also slowed the generation rate of O2.- and increased protective enzyme, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities both under normal and high temperatures, which suggested that Spd may participate in the antioxidant system. Furthermore, genes involved in polyamine synthesis were analyzed. The results show that HT before heading significantly increased the expression of arginine decarboxylase OsADC1, Spd synthase OsSPDS1 and OsSPDS3 and had little effect on the expression of the S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase OsSAMDC2 and ornithine decarboxylase OsODC1.