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tly enhanced after chemotherapy and hormonal therapy, and the enhancement is associated with good OS. This result revealed the potential of measuring PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 mRNA expression in predicting clinical outcome.

Vietnam is among countries with highest prevalence of tobacco smoking, attempt to quit is an important indicator to monitor the effectiveness of tobacco control efforts. This paper aims to describe smoking quit attempt and examine its association with some individual characteristics among male smokers.

Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey in Vietnam in 2015 was analyzed for a sample of 1,903 male smokers taking from the national representative sample of 8,996 adults aged 15 years and above.

Proportion of quit attempt during 12 months prior to the interview among male smoker was 37.1%. Attempt to quit smoking was significantly associated with age (OR=2.84 and 95% CI 1.43-5.66 for those aged 55 years and older vs. those aged 24 years and younger), with knowledge of harmful effects on health (OR=1.97 and 95% CI 1.45-2.66 for those who could list 6 to 7 diseases vs. those who could list 3 or less diseases), number of channels with anti smoking message (OR=1.72 and 95% CI 1.21-2.45 for those who had exposure from 3 channels or more vs. those who did not expose any channels), number of years smoking (OR=0.59 and OR=0.40 for those with less than 15 years smoking vs. those with 25 to 34 years smoking and more than 35 years smoking, respectively).

Intervention to improve knowledge of tobacco harmful effects, and access to multiple and modern antismoking communication channels would be effective to raise quit attempt among smokers. Research to promote effectiveness of quit advice by health staff should be paid more attention.

Intervention to improve knowledge of tobacco harmful effects, and access to multiple and modern antismoking communication channels would be effective to raise quit attempt among smokers. Research to promote effectiveness of quit advice by health staff should be paid more attention.

This study aimed to identify the tumor mutation burden (TMB) value in Egyptian breast cancer (BC) patients. Moreover, to find the best TMB prediction model based on the expression of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), and proliferation index Ki-67.

The Ion AmpliSeq Comprehensive Cancer Panel was used to determine TMB value of 58 Egyptian BC tumor tissues. Different machine learning models were used to select the optimal classification model for prediction of TMB level according to patient's receptor status.

The measured TMB value was between 0 and 8.12/Mb. Positive expression of ER and PR was significantly associated with TMB ≤ 1.25 [(OR =0.35, 95% CI 0.04-2.98), (OR = 0.17, 95% CI= 0.02-0.44)] respectively. Ki-67 expression positive was significantly associated with TMB >1.25 than those who were Ki-67 expression negative (OR = 9.33, 95% CI= 2.07-42.18). However, no significant differences were observed between HER2 positive and HER2 negative groups. The optimized logistic regression model was TMB = -27.5 -1.82 ER - 0.73 PR + 0.826 HER2 + 2.08 Ki-67.

Our findings revealed that TMB value can be predicted based on the expression level of ER, PR, HER-2, and Ki-67.

Our findings revealed that TMB value can be predicted based on the expression level of ER, PR, HER-2, and Ki-67.

One of the most reliable and decisive histologic parameters with negative prognostic impact is tumor proliferation capacity . Quantification of mitosis in H&E stained slides could be problematic and is limited by poor reproducibility and lack of objectivity. This study was designed to evaluate inter-observer variability in mitotic count using Phosphohistone H3(PHH3).

Totally, 60 specimens with histologic diagnosis of meningioma were selected including 50 grade I, 7 grdae II and 3 grade III tumors. Mitotic figures were counted both in H&E stained sections and slides prepared by immunohistochemistry using Anti-Phosphohistone H3 Anti body by three observers with various level of expertise, independently.

Mean mitotic count by PHH3 method was higher than H&E staining for all three observers. Observer 1 and 2 revealed good correlation in mitotic count using H&E method, while observer 3 showed disagreement with both of them. However, all of them had good correlation in mitotic count using PHH3 method (cc=0.956,0.947,0.909).

Based on our findings, PHH3 revealed good agreement between pathologists with various level of expertise and has the capability for further contribution in meningioma grading classification and specially could be beneficial for less experienced pathologists.

Based on our findings, PHH3 revealed good agreement between pathologists with various level of expertise and has the capability for further contribution in meningioma grading classification and specially could be beneficial for less experienced pathologists.

The role of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) in relation to prognostic and treatment predictive information of HER2 positive breast cancer has been newly explored. In this study, we aimed to determine the expression of HMGCR in HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) scores of 2+ and 3+ breast cancer and to correlate with the patients' outcomes.

Using a cross-sectional design, invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (NST) and HER2 IHC scores of 2+ and 3+ cases were selected over a 50-month period in Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah (HSB), Alor Setar. IHC staining for HMGCR was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues at the Pathology Laboratory, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM), Kubang Kerian using the standard staining procedure. The results were correlated with the patient's demographic and clinicopathological data.

A total of 59 cases of HER2 IHC 2+ and 3+ invasive breast carcinoma were identified. The cases were predominant in young Malay women with tumours smaller than 50mm, higher grade and positive for lymphovascular invasion, axillary lymph nodes involvement and ER/PR expressions. HMGCR was positively expressed in HER2 IHC 2+ and 3+ breast cancer cases, which the staining intensities varied from weak, moderate to strong. Majority of the cases were scored 1+ for HMGCR expression. A low-positive HMGCR was more likely to be associated with less favourable outcomes of patients with HER2 IHC 2+ and 3+. However, the associations were statistically not significant.

A study in a larger cohort of tumour samples is needed to further validate HMGCR expression as a potential prognostic biomarker for HER2 positive breast cancer. Lirametostat in vitro It is also suggested that all the HER2 IHC 2+ and 3+ cases need to be gene amplified using FISH analysis.<br />.

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Toxicities of the oral soft and hard tissues due to the radiotherapy of the head and neck cancer can potentially lead to interruptions of cancer treatment and/or dose reduction, resulting in poorer outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of dental practitioners in Saudi Arabia about oral and dental assessment for and complications of radiotherapy of head and neck cancer.

An online, already validated, self-administered questionnaire was sent via an online link through WhatsApp groups and other Social Media platforms to reach out to the majority of targeted samples (dental practitioners working in Saudi Arabia). Responses were statistically described and analyzed based on the different grouping factors gender, specialty, working sector, region of work and experience.

There were 370 respondents, 257 (69.5%) of them were males. Most of the respondents were general dental practitioners [144 (38.9%)], The percentages of the correct answers range from as low as 26.2 to as high as 97%. The per cent of correct answers by the respondents in 18 out of 31 questions was above 75%. Females, dental specialists (specifically prosthodontics), working in public sectors and in the central and western regions of Saudi Arabia were associated with higher levels of knowledge.

Our results show highly variable knowledge of dental practitioners on oral and dental assessment for, and complications and management of radiotherapy to the head and neck area; that knowledge seems to fluctuate considerably with gender, experience, work sector and specialty.<br />.

.The administration of high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) requires an accurate monitoring of blood MTX levels to determine the regimen of leucovorin rescue and urine alkalinization to prevent toxicity. However, it is technically and logistically challenging to screen patients routinely in limited-resource settings. This study aimed to evaluate blood MTX levels at 24- and 48-hours from start of infusion in relation to clinical toxicity in childhood ALL.

A prospective cohort study was conducted on 32 consecutive children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who had received at least one cycle of 1 g/m2 HD-MTX intravenous infusion as a part of consolidation treatment based on the 2013 Indonesian ALL Protocol. In total, 68 cycles were evaluated. Serum MTX concentrations were measured using enzyme immunoassay. MTX toxicity was categorized using common toxicity criteria (CTCAE) 3.0 version. The association between MTX level and clinical toxicity was assessed by non-parametric analysis.

The 24-hours MTX level was at 24-hours and 48-hours are low, followed by only 4.4% grade III/IV hepatotoxicity and 26,4% grade III/IV neutropenia. There is no significant association between the clinical toxicity and MTX levels at the two points of measurement. An attempt to increase the MTX dose and/or to introduce a loading dose should be considered in subsequent ALL protocol as supported by further pharmacokinetic MTX studies in the Indonesian population.

The aim of this study was investigation the AKT / mTOR signaling pathway components, transcriptional and growth factors, as well as steroid hormone receptors and nuclear factors Brn-3α and TRIM16 expression in the tissue of the primary thyroid tumor and metastases, depending on the BRAF- V600E status.

The study was enrolled 20 patients with PTCs, who underwent surgical treatment. They were divided into negative BRAF-V600E status (12 people), positive BRAF-V600E status (8 patients). Mutation status was assessed in paired metastatic tissue samples. The molecular marker expression was determined by real-time PCR. The Real-time-PCR-BRAF-V600E reagent kit evaluated the BRAF-V600E mutation.

A decrease in the PDK kinase, PTEN, VHL mRNA level in primary cancers was noted, compared with metastases' tissue. An increase in AKT, GSK-3β, mTOR, 70s 6 kinase was revealed in cancers with point mutation compared with the primary tumor without a mutation. Positive mutation status was accompanied by an increase in NF-κB pression profile and metastases was noted. The BRAF-V600E mutation can affect the molecular characteristics both in the primary cancers and metastases. The discrepancy between the mutant status and the molecular factors expression variability in the primary tumor and LNMs determines its progression.

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is prevalent viral infection involved in several human cancers including breast cancer. The presence of HCMV genome in breast cancer tissue and footprint of viral last exposure patient's serum are considered as important factor in the process of breast cancer development.

This study aimed to investigate molecular and serological epidemiology of HCMV in patients with breast cancer in Iran for first time.

In our case-control study, 98 samples of breast tissue, including 49 cancerous (case) and 49 adjacent non-cancerous tissue were collected (control). In addition, we collected sera samples from all patients (n=49) and healthy individual (n=49). Seroprevalence of HCMV was assessed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and detection of HCMV genome was performed using Nested-PCR method.

HCMV genome found in 16.3% (8/49) of cases tissue and 2% (1/49) of controls tissue. In patients group, the levels of anti-CMV IgG and IgM were 93.9% and 2% compared to 69.4% and 4.1% in healthy individuals, respectively.