Ladegaardsargent8619

3-fold and 2.5-folds, respectively in comparison to Pb 1000 mg kg-1 alone. Pb uptake decreased at 1500 mg kg-1 with both chelating agents. The EDTA alone and in combination with 1500 mg Pb kg-1 showed maximum genotoxicity by reducing the mitotic index and increasing the micronuclei formation. EDTA+Pb showed maximum toxicity followed by Pb and DIPA. Overall, 10 mmol kg-1 of EDTA and DIPA performed better among all dosages in enhancing phytoavailability and uptake of Pb. DIPA showed less toxicity than that caused by EDTA, with comparable ability to promote Pb phytoextraction.Sustainably feeding the growing population amid rising global temperatures and dwindling resources is a grand challenge facing mankind. Plastic mulching (PM) is widely used in China aiming to the increase of crop productivity. However, the impact of PM on reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions and nitrogen (N) footprint has not been explicitly described. In this study, we collected 4051 observations from 394 published papers for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and used meta-analysis to investigate how PM affected crop yield, net economic return, Nr emissions, and N footprints including nitrogen footprint per unit of output energy (NFo) and nitrogen footprint per unit of net economic return (NFe) at regional scale and across a range of precipitation and N fertilization gradients in China. The meta-analysis showed that compared to non-PM practice, PM increased grain yield by 25, 27, and 20% in potato, maize, and wheat, respectively, and enhanced net economic return by 19, 29, and 22%, respectively, with corresponding reduction in NFo of 24, 36, and 18% and NFe of 19, 37, and 19%, respectively. Potato and maize had greater energy output and net economic return than wheat. Plastic mulching was more effective in improving net economic return (or energy output) and reducing N footprints (i.e., NFe and NFo) in the semiarid region (i.e., annual precipitation less then 600 mm) when N was applied at 100-200 kg N ha-1, especially in potato and maize. Our analysis suggests that the use of PM enhanced grain yield and net economic return while lowering the N footprint without increasing Nr emission. Therefore, PM has great potential to mitigate Nr loss in China when crop species, N fertilization rate, and local environmental factors (i.e., growing region and annual precipitation) are appropriately considered.Lead contamination is a widely recognised conservation problem for raptors worldwide. There are a number of studies in individual raptor species but those data have not been systematically evaluated to understand raptor-wide lead exposure and effects at a pan-European scale. To critically assess the extent of this problem, we performed a systematic review compiling all published data on lead in raptors (1983-2019) and, through a meta-analysis, determined if there was evidence for differences in exposure across feeding traits, geographical regions, between hunting and non-hunting periods, and changes over time. We also reviewed the impact of lead on raptors and the likely main source of exposure. We examined 114 studies that were unevenly distributed in terms of time of publication and the countries in which studies were performed. Peer-reviewed articles reported data for 39 raptor species but very few species were widely monitored across Europe. Obligate (vultures) and facultative scavengers (golden eagle, common buzzard and white-tailed sea eagle) accumulated the highest lead concentrations in tissues and generally were the species most at risk of lead poisoning. We found no evidence of a spatial or decadal trend in lead residues, but we demonstrated that high lead blood levels relate to hunting season. Exposure at levels associated with both subclinical and lethal effects is common and lead from rifle bullets and shot is often the likely source of exposure. Overall, our review illustrates the high incidence and ubiquity of lead contamination in raptors in Europe. However, we did not find studies that related exposure to quantitative impacts on European raptor populations nor detailed studies on the impact of mitigation measures. Such information is urgently needed and requires a more harmonised approach to quantifying lead contamination and effects in raptors across Europe.Most previous studies on aerosols have focused on the role of aerosols in the transmission of human and animal pathogens; however, little is known about the role of aerosols in the transmission of plant bacterial disease. In this study, experimental evidence for the emission and transmission of Pseunomonas. amygdali pv. lachrymans (Pal) aerosol was provided, and the results supported that diseased cucumber plants served as the main source of Pal aerosol. Bacterial aerosols released by infected plants played a significant role in the epidemiology of cucumber angular leaf spot (ALS) disease. Aerosol chambers were constructed to study the characteristics of Pal aerosols released by artificially infested cucumber plants. The particle size of Pal aerosol was predominately distributed from 1.1 to 4.7 μm, accounting for 72.16% of the total amount of Pal aerosol. The infection threshold of aerosolized Pal to cause ALS disease was 84-179 CFU/m3. In addition, the transmission dynamics of Pal aerosols from donor cucumber plants to recipient cucumber plants were also confirmed in exposure chambers and greenhouses. The results from the present study verified the hypothesis that aerosol dissemination is a potential route for the epidemiology of plant bacterial disease, and these data will contribute to the development of new strategies for the effective alleviation and control of plant bacterial diseases.Although the levels of micropollutants in landfill leachate and municipal wastewater are well-established, the individual removal mechanisms and the fate of micropollutants throughout a landfill leachate treatment plant (LTP) were seldom investigated. Therefore, the determination of the removal efficiencies and the fates of micropollutants in a full-scale leachate treatment plant located in the largest city of Turkey were aimed in this study. Some important processes, such as equalization pond, bioreactor, ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF), are being operated in the treatment plant. Landfill leachate was characterized as an intense pollution source of macro and micropollutants compared to other water types. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3, suspended solids (SS) and electrical conductivity (EC) values of the landfill leachate (and their removal efficiencies in the treatment plant) were determined as 18,656 ± 12,098 mg/L (98%), 3090 ± 845 mg/L (99%), 4175 ± 1832 mg/L (95%) and 31 ± 2 mS/cm (51%), rpared to the literature. Membrane processes were more effective on the removal of alkylphenols (60-80%) and pesticides (59-74%) in terms of influent and effluent loads of each unit. Removal efficiencies for Cu, Ni and Cr, which were the dominant heavy metals, were determined as 92, 91 and 51%, respectively and the main removal mechanism for heavy metals has thought to be coprecipitation of suspended solids by microbial biopolymers in the bioreactor and the separation of colloids during membrane filtration. Total effluent loads of the LTP for VOCs, semi volatiles and heavy metals were 1.0 g/day, 5.2 g/day and 1.5 kg/day, respectively. It has been concluded that the LTP was effectively removing both conventional pollutants and micropollutants with the specific operation costs of 0.27 $/(kg of removed COD), 0.13 $/(g of removed VOCs), 0.35 $/(g of removed SVOCs) and 2.6 $/(kg of removed metals).We examined the effects of regional scale land use and local scale environmental and biotic stressors on alpha, beta and zeta diversities of native fish communities in wadeable streams and non-wadeable rivers in the Danube basin, Hungary. Relationships among land use and local scale environmental and biotic stressors were weak both in streams and rivers, suggesting that these stressors act relatively independently. Alpha diversity decreased strongly with increasing local scale environmental stressor intensity in rivers. On the contrary, its response to stressors was more obscure in streams, where the best-fit statistical model indicated the importance of the interaction between land use, local scale environmental and biotic stressors, while the secondly ranked model highlighted the negative impact of local scale environmental stressors. Analysis of variance using distance matrices provided evidence that stressors alone and in interactions explained compositional differences of pairs of study sites (beta divera and zeta diversity, can be fruitful for better understanding the role of multiple stressors in structuring ecological communities.In the last decades, the use of pesticides has grown worldwide. However, there is great worry about the impact of pesticides on human health, due to their wide distribution and possible long-term effects. Complex mixtures with different formulations are often used, including a variety of genotoxic compounds. Thus, genotoxicity tests form an important part of cancer research and risk assessment of potential carcinogens. This study aimed to conduct a meta-analytical review of possible genetic damage resulting from occupational exposure in farmworkers and workers employed in pesticide production, both ever in comparison to non-exposed people, using comet assay (CA), micronucleus test (MN) and telomere length (TL) data available in the scientific literature. A total of 145 datasets were evaluated. The results showed that the occupationally exposed workers had more DNA damage in CA and MN than non-exposed workers. The TL result did not show difference between groups. When the data were categorized by gender (male, female or both), crop (general, tobacco, fruits, soybeans, cotton) and occupation (manufacturing or farmworkers), the study found that the exposed group always presented higher damage than the non-exposed individuals, in CA and MN. More studies with TL are needed to obtain a more precise response, and to segregate the effect of tobacco farming from pesticide exposure. When TL was segregated by gender, women and men presented difference between exposed and non-exposed groups. In general, the publication bias impact was modest. If all relevant studies were included, the key finding (i.e. the effect of pesticide exposure increases the genotoxicity and mutation rate) would probably remain unchanged. Lastly, it is important to highlight the importance of the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and offer safer options to farmworkers (e.g. organic farming or less toxic alternatives).Owing to its superior energy-saving function and strong potential to be applied as a soil amendment and fertilizer, hydrochar has gained wide attention in recent years. However, hydrochar contains greater amounts of labile fractions than traditional biochar and may exacerbate the short-term greenhouse effect. To lower the risk of greenhouse gas release due to labile fractions, optimize parameters must be determined to produce hydrochar without carbohydrate carbon. In addition, the effects of varying feedstocks and process conditions on hydrochar structure as well as its dissolved organic matter (DOM) must be investigated. Spartina alterniflora and pig manure were used to produce two hydrochars (HSAs and HPMs) and their corresponding DOM samples (DSAs and DPMs) at various production temperatures (Tp) and reaction times (tr). The carbohydrate vanishing points (CVPs) were 265 °C-1 h, 250 °C-2 h, and 245 °C-4 h for the HSAs and 260 °C-1 h, 250 °C-2 h, and 250 °C-4 h for the HPMs. With the isolation of DOM, 1.09-4.