Lacroixrobertson0267

The circular polarization of the microwave magnetic field with an ellipticity of 0.94 is demonstrated experimentally. The Rabi oscillation frequency and its inhomogeneity are measured, and the results demonstrate a good agreement with the numerically predicted results.The high resolution of lithography lenses has led to a requirement for high-precision lens-adjusting compensators. This paper presents the design, analysis, and testing of a high-precision two-degrees-of-freedom compliant mechanism to be used for lens XY micro-adjustment. The monolithic mechanism, which is based on a 1RR-2RRR configuration, uses flexure hinges to connect the movable inner ring with the fixed outer ring. The apparatus is driven using two piezoelectric actuators, and the lens terminal displacement is fed back in real time using two capacitive sensors. This paper describes the principle of the mechanism. Simulations and experiments are then performed to evaluate the system. The results show that the strokes along both the x-axis and the y-axis exceed ±25 µm. The accuracy of the proposed mechanism is better than ±7 nm. The root-mean-square induced figure error is better than 0.051 nm. The coupling z and tip/tilt rigid motions are less than 50 nm and 220 mas, respectively. The first natural frequency of the mechanism is 212 Hz. These results indicate that the mechanism has advantages that include high accuracy, low coupling errors, high rigidity, and compactness and that it will act as an efficient compensator for lithography lenses.We investigated plasma behavior with a solenoid-generated static and pulsed magnetic field by measuring time evolution in a transverse ion current profile to control the ion current waveform of a laser ion source. The results showed that static magnetic fields cannot enhance the ion current in the slow region of time of flight (TOF). However, a pulsed magnetic field whose magnetic flux density is rising while a plasma passes through the solenoid can enhance the ion current in the same TOF region. The results showed that applying a pulsed magnetic field to a laser-produced plasma is an effective way to control an ion current waveform in a laser ion source to produce an ion beam with a flat-top-shaped pulse. By using a pulsed magnetic field, the ion current waveform peak was held for ∼50 µs.We report an all-solid-state gamma-ray scintillation detector comprised of a NaI(Tl) crystal and a scientific-grade CMOS camera. After calibration, this detector exhibits excellent linearity over more than three decades of activity levels ranging from 10 mCi to 400 nCi. Because the detector is not counting pulses, dead-time correction is not required. Compared to systems that use a photomultiplier tube, this detector has similar sensitivity and noise characteristics on short time scales. On longer time scales, we measure drifts of a few percent over several days, which can be accommodated through regular calibration. Using this detector, we observe that when high activity sources are brought into close proximity to the NaI crystal, several minutes are required for the measured signal to achieve a steady state.Herein, we propose a facile fabrication procedure for platinum (Pt) nanoprobes. Our approach consists in performing a one-step electrochemical etching using a mixture of DI water, acetone, and CaCl2. Our technique is self-terminated and thus does not necessitate a cut-off circuit nor other sophisticated equipment or set-up commonly used in the fabrication process of Pt nanoprobes. The Pt nanoprobes thereby manufactured demonstrate small tip radii, a high aspect-ratio, no detectable surface contamination, and good reproducibility.With low-emittance synchrotron radiation rings, introducing accurate x-ray beams to a sample is difficult, and ensuring that the direction of the undulator beam is stable is essential. However, measuring the centroid of the undulator photon beam at the beamline front-end (FE) is difficult because the soft x-ray radiation is contaminated by the bending magnets upstream and downstream of the undulator. The x-ray beam position monitors (XBPMs), based on the interaction with the halo of undulator radiation, cannot estimate the centroid of the beam, and they cannot eliminate the effects of the bending magnets. To solve this problem, we have developed an energy-resolved beam-monitoring system for undulator radiation with the scattering from a diamond thin film deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) in this study. An undulator x-ray beam is irradiated onto this film, and its elastic and Compton scattering are observed through a 50 μm-diameter pinhole. A beam spot is detected through a pinhole camera system using a direct-detection-type charge-coupled device camera with energy resolution. Gefitinib molecular weight The peak of the first-order harmonic of the undulator radiation is selectively visualized to measure the centroid of the undulator radiation, as well as the spectrum. The proposed system using a CVD diamond film can provide accurate position information for a photon beam exiting the FE.This paper proposes a method for investigating the Coulombic broadening, tcou, in an ambient pressure ion mobility spectrometer based on the analysis of peaks originating from O2 -(H2O)n and electrons. It showed that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of electrons was independent of electron density and remained at a constant contribution from the initial width of ion packets, tg, and amplifier broadening, tamp; in contrast, the FWHM of O2 -(H2O)n increased with the rise of O2 -(H2O)n density due to additional contributions from tcou and diffusion broadening tdiff. The tcou of O2 -(H2O)n was extracted from the FWHM by subtracting tg, tamp, and tdiff. The tcou of O2 -(H2O)n was found to increase from 0.14 ms to 0.24 ms as the O2 -(H2O)n density increased from 7.35 × 105 to 1.22 × 107 cm-3. The percentage of tcou in the FWHM was in the range of 45%-80%, and the Coulomb-limited resolving power decreased from 70 to 40 as the ion density increased, which indicated that the Coulomb effect was dramatic.The use of biologic agents including anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibodies followed by anti-integrins and anti-interleukins has drastically changed the treatment paradigm of Crohn's disease (CD) by improving clinical symptoms and mucosal healing. However, up to 70% of CD patients still eventually undergo surgery mainly due to fibrostenotic strictures. There are no specific anti-fibrotic drugs yet. This review comprehensively addresses the mechanism, prediction, diagnosis and treatment of the fibrostenotic strictures in CD. We also introduce promising anti-fibrotic agents which may be available in the near future and summarize challenges in developing novel therapies to treat fibrostenotic strictures in CD.