Kramerparrish6295

Ischemic stroke leads to high disability and mortality. The limited delivery efficiency of most therapeutic substances is a major challenge for effective treatment of ischemic stroke. Inspired by the prominent merit of nanoscale particles in brain targeting and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration, various functional nanoparticles have been designed as promising drug delivery platforms that are expected to improve the therapeutic effect of ischemic stroke. Based on the complex pathological mechanisms of ischemic stroke, this review outline and summarize the rationally designed nanoparticles-mediated emerging approaches for effective treatment of ischemic stroke, including recanalization therapy, neuroprotection therapy, and combination therapy. On this bases, the potentials and challenges of nanoparticles in the treatment of ischemic stroke are revealed, and new thoughts and perspectives are proposed for the design of feasible nanoparticles for effective treatment of ischemic stroke.Given the ubiquitous mineral (e.g., clays and iron oxides) playing critical roles in impacting the fate of antibiotics in the subsurface environment, the effects of two mineral colloids (i.e., ferrihydrite and montmorillonite) on tetracycline (TC, a representative of antibiotic) transport in sand columns were investigated in this study. Interestingly, the results clearly showed that ferrihydrite colloids inhibited TC transport, while montmorillonite colloids enhanced TC mobility under neutral conditions (pH 7.0). This phenomenon resulted from the positively charged ferrihydrite colloids with weak mobility, which assisted TC deposition; besides, providing additional deposition sites for TC by the deposited ferrihydrite colloids was another important mechanism. In contrast, the transport-enhancement effect of montmorillonite on TC was attributed to the strong binding affinity of TC to clay particles as well as the competition between colloids and TC for deposition sites on sand surfaces. Moreover, the transport-inhibition effect of ferrihydrite at pH 7.0 was greater than that at pH 5.0, mainly due to more colloid-associated TC under neutral conditions. Surprisingly, ferrihydrite colloids could act as carriers of antibiotics and enhanced TC transport at pH 9.0. Because the surface charge of colloids was altered to negative and could break through the column. Meanwhile, the transport-enhancement effect of montmorillonite decreased with increasing pH from 5.0 to 9.0, resulting from the decrease of colloid-adsorbed TC. Furthermore, colloid-mediated transport of TC was influenced by ionic strength, which affected the aggregation characteristics of colloids and the binding affinities of TC to minerals. These findings provide critical information for assessing the risks of antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems where abundant natural minerals are present.The entire globe is affected by the novel disease of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV), which is formally recognised as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The World Health Organisation (WHO) announced this disease as a global pandemic. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in unprocessed wastewater has become a cause of worry due to these emerging pathogens in the process of wastewater treatment, as reported in the present study. This analysis intends to interpret the fate, environmental factors and route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2, along with its eradication by treating the wastewater for controlling and preventing its further spread. Different recovery estimations of the virus have been depicted by the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater through the viral concentration techniques. Most frequently used viral concentration techniques include polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, ultrafiltration, electronegative membrane, and ultracentrifugation, after which the detectiondemiology (WBE) supplement the real-time data pertaining to the investigation of the COVID-19 pandemic in the community, regional and national levels.Chesapeake Bay water quality has been a concern since 1970. In rural areas, agriculture is the dominant N and P source, and the voluntary application of best management practices (BMPs) is the primary management tool. Here we test the hypothesis that the current management approach of primarily voluntary, untargeted BMP implementation is insufficient to create detectable, widespread reductions in N, P, and total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations in agricultural watersheds of the Choptank basin, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. To test this hypothesis, we assessed BMP implementation and sampled water quality on participating farms, at intermediate streams within each watershed, and at watershed outlets of four watersheds from 2013 to 2014. We also present water quality data from 2003 to 2014 at the outlets of 12 additional agricultural and one forested watershed and survey-directed interviews of farmers. By the end of 2014, large numbers of BMPs, both structural and cultural, had been implemented. Of the 16 agricultural watersheds, 50% showed significant decreases in baseflow N, 37.5% showed no changes, and 12.5% showed increasing TN. Baseflow P significantly decreased at just one watershed, increased at one, and remained stable at 14. Stormflow N was similar to baseflow, but stormflow P was 5 times higher than baseflow. These data partially support our hypothesis. Surveys suggested farmers considered themselves responsible for the quality of water leaving their farms, but out-of-pocket cost was the major impediment to further BMP adoption. We suggest that greater outreach and more financial support for farmers to implement BMPs is required to increase the types and densities of BMPs needed to achieve regional water quality goals.The hillslope is an essential natural spatial gradient that influences hydrological processes by affecting water distribution, surface flow, soil erosion, and groundwater recharge. To date, few studies have addressed only the hydrological processes of tropical forest hillslopes. To reveal the effect of hillslope on soil hydrological functioning-including water distribution and exchange, infiltration capacity, and flow behaviour-we conducted 36 field infiltration and nine dye-tracer investigations of different hillslope locations in the natural rainforest of Xishuangbanna, southwest China. The soil physical properties-including soil noncapillary and total porosity, saturated water capacity, and field water capacity-decreased with decreasing elevation from hilltop to middle slope and the valley bottom. The water infiltration capacity-including the initial infiltration rate, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, and average infiltration rate-decreased from the hilltop to the valley bottom. Preferential flow dominated soil water movement more in the upper locations than in the valley bottom. The infiltration capacity parameters and preferential flow were significantly correlated with soil water content, noncapillary and total porosity, root biomass, and termite holes. These results indicated that along with the soil physical properties, root systems, animal activity, cracks, and stones affected the soil infiltration capacity and preferential flow. Differences in the hydraulic processes of each hillslope position contributed to the redistribution, transportation, and storage of surface and belowground water, resulting in differing availabilities of soil water resources and utilisation by plants. The findings of this study can help understand eco-hydrological processes in the context of water resources management in tropical mountain ecosystems.Nowadays, air pollution is an increasingly important topic, as environmental regulations require limiting pollutant emissions. This problem requires new techniques to reduce emissions by either improving the current emission control systems and processes or installing new hybrid treatment systems. These are of broad diversity, and every system has its advantages and disadvantages. The tendency is, accordingly, to combine various techniques to achieve more acceptable and suitable treatment. Recent studies suggest that the combination of photocatalysis and plasma in a reactor can offer attractive pollutant treatment efficiency with a minimum of partially oxidized by-products than that of these processes taken separately. However, there is little review of the capability of this pairing to treat different brands of pollutants. Besides, available data concerning reactor design with flows treated 10 to 1000 times higher than those studied at the lab scale. This review paid particular attention to determine the reaction mechanisms in terms of engineering and design of combination reactors (plasma and catalysis). Likewise, we developed the effect of critical parameters such as pollutant load, relative humidity, and flow rate to understand the degradation kinetics of specific pollutants individually by using plasma and photocatalysis. Additionally, this review compares different designs of cold plasma reactors combination with heterogeneous catalysis with special attention on synergistic and antagonistic effects of using plasma and photocatalysis processes at the laboratory, pilot, and industrial scales. Therefore, the elements discussed in this review stick well to the first theme on pollution prevention of the special issue concerning pollution prevention and the application of clean technologies to promote a circular (bio) economy.Water, energy, and food resources are indispensable and irreplaceable resources for the survival and development of human society. This study systematically assessed the three resources system in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao based on constructed direct and nexus-oriented, multi-regional input-output, and ecological network analysis models. Various network analysis (e.g., control, utility, hierarchy, and robustness) was adopted to identify the critical factors of inter-regional resources trade from a perspective of supply-demand. Crenolanib molecular weight The results indicated that Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macao have complex control linkages in the three resources trade network, and Guangdong is the key to improving the three resources network structure. The three resources network existed highly competition and exploitation in the three regions. Industrial development is unbalanced and competitive for the three resources. The wholeness water-energy-food trade network of the three regions stayed in a positive environment, but the positive effect level was relatively weak. The three resources network robustness in the three regions is at a medium level. Hong Kong and Macao's water-energy-food network systems have a high vulnerability, and the lowest system robustness was food-related energy in Hong Kong. Finally, we provide some measures to help the sustainable development of the water-energy-food resource system in the three regions, such as cross-regional coordinated management, integration industries development, seawater toilets-flushing, sea rice, and renewable energy.Ecological environmental assessment is an indispensable part of the eco-environment protection system. As researchers have increasingly focused on ecological environment protection, the ecological environment evaluation system has been gradually improved. The enhancement of the ecological environment evaluation system provides more scientific and effective data support for ecological environment monitoring and governance. This article examines the Wuhan Urban Development Zone as an example, selects Landsat 8 (Operational Land Imager/Thermal Infrared Sensor (OLI/TIRS)) images of the study area from 2013 to 2019 at two-year intervals, and applies a new type of ecological environment evaluation index named the remote sensing ecological index with local adaptability (RSEILA) to assess the eco-environment. The RSEILA represents an improvement of the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) proposed in 2013. The RSEILA enhancement is mainly reflected in the correlation and spatial distribution characteristics between geographical elements.