Kondrupvaughan2547

Background Bilateral cyclic high frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus (ANT) reduces the seizure count in a subset of patients with epilepsy. Detecting stimulation-induced alterations of pathological brain networks may help to unravel the underlying physiological mechanisms related to effective stimulation delivery and optimize target engagement. Methods We acquired 64-channel electroencephalography during ten ANT-DBS cycles (145Hz, 90μs, 3-5V) of 1-minute ON followed by 5-minutes OFF stimulation to detect changes in cortical activity related to seizure reduction. The study included 14 subjects (three responders, four non-responders, and seven healthy controls). Mixed-model ANOVA tests were used to compare differences in cortical activity between subgroups both ON and OFF stimulation, while investigating frequency-specific effects for the seizure onset zones. Results ANT-DBS had a widespread desynchronization effect on cortical theta and alpha band activity in responders, but not in non-responders. Time domain analysis showed that the stimulation induced reduction in theta-band activity was temporally linked to the stimulation period. Moreover, stimulation induced theta-band desynchronization in the temporal lobe channels correlated significantly with the therapeutic response. Responders to ANT-DBS and healthy-controls had an overall lower level of theta-band activity compared to non-responders. Conclusion This study demonstrated that temporal lobe channel theta-band desynchronization may be a predictive physiological hallmark of therapeutic response to ANT-DBS and may be used to improve the functional precision of this intervention by verifying implantation sites, calibrating stimulation contacts, and possibly identifying treatment responders prior to implantation.Efficient neuronal communication between brain regions through oscillatory synchronization at certain frequencies is necessary for cognition. Such synchronized networks are transient and dynamic, established on the timescale of milliseconds in order to support ongoing cognitive operations. However, few studies characterizing dynamic electrophysiological brain networks have simultaneously accounted for temporal non-stationarity, spectral structure, and spatial properties. selleck chemical Here, we propose an analysis framework for characterizing the large-scale phase-coupling network dynamics during task performance using magnetoencephalography (MEG). We exploit the high spatiotemporal resolution of MEG to measure time-frequency dynamics of connectivity between parcellated brain regions, yielding data in tensor format. We then use a tensor component analysis (TCA)-based procedure to identify the spatio-temporal-spectral modes of covariation among separate regions in the human brain. We validate our pipeline using MEG data recorded during a hand movement task, extracting a transient motor network with beta-dominant spectral mode, which is significantly modulated by the movement task. Next, we apply the proposed pipeline to explore brain networks that support cognitive operations during a working memory task. The derived results demonstrate the temporal formation and dissolution of multiple phase-coupled networks with specific spectral modes, which are associated with face recognition, vision, and movement. The proposed pipeline can characterize the spectro-temporal dynamics of functional connectivity in the brain on the subsecond timescale, commensurate with that of cognitive performance.Cholecystokinin octapeptide with sulfate (CCK-8 s) regulates feeding behavior and psychomotor activity. In rodents and goldfish, intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of CCK-8 s decreases food intake and also induces anxiety-like behavior. The zebrafish has several merits for investigating the psychophysiological roles of neuropeptides. However, little is known about the brain localization of CCK and the behavioral action of CCK-8 s in this species. Here we investigated the brain localization of CCK-like immunoreactivity and found that it was distributed throughout the brain. As CCK-like immunoreactivity was particularly evident in the ventral habenular nucleus, the interpeduncular nucleus and superior raphe, we subsequently examined the effect of zebrafish (zf) CCK-8 s on psychomotor control. Since the zebrafish possesses two molecular forms of zfCCK-8 s (zfCCKA-8 s and zfCCKB-8 s), two synthetic peptides were administered intracerebroventricularly at 1, 5 and 10 pmol g-1 body weight (BW). As the zebrafish shows a greater preference for the lower area of a tank than for to the upper area, we used this preference for assessment of anxiety-like behavior. ICV administration of zfCCKA-8 s or zfCCKB-8 s at 10 pmol g-1 BW significantly shortened the time spent in the upper area. The actions of these peptides mimicked that of the central-type benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist FG-7142 (an anxiogenic agent) at 10 pmol g-1 BW. The anxiogenic-like action of the two peptides was attenuated by treatment with the CCK receptor antagonist proglumide at 200 pmol g-1 BW. These results indicate that zfCCKA-8 s and zfCCKB-8 s potently induce anxiety-like behavior via the CCK receptor-signaling pathway in the zebrafish brain.Evidence shows that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) improves stroke outcomes and dementia. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls the peptide and regulatory protein exchange between the central nervous system and the blood; the transport of these regulatory substances across the BBB has been altered in animal models of stroke and Alzheimer's disease (AD). PACAP is a powerful neurotrophin that can cross the BBB, which may aid in the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases, including stroke and AD. PACAP may function as a potential drug in the treatment, prevention, or management of stroke and AD and other neurodegenerative conditions. Here, we review the effects of PACAP in studies on stroke and dementias.Herein, we describe the detection of a SARS-CoV-2 genome through metatranscriptome next-generation sequencing directly from the nasopharyngeal swab of a suspected case of local transmission of Covid-19, in Brazil. Depletion of human ribosomal RNA and use of an optimized in-house developed bioinformatics strategy contributed to successful detection of the virus.