Koldinghutchison0492
This paper explores the history of TB in Argentina from the pre- Columbian period to recent times in order to evaluate the impact of the industrialization (late 19th and early 20th centuries) on the increasing rates of this disease.
Historical, paleopathological, and current epidemiological data were reviewed.
Data were integrated under a paleopathological approach.
Skeletal evidence suggests the existence of TB before colonization. This is followed by two different periods of increasing TB rates a probable but unconfirmed first stage, related to the contact between Europeans and natives during the 16th-18th centuries, and a second stage during the Industrial Revolution, from the 1880s to the 1950s, when it was finally controlled with the aid of chemotherapies.
TB rates increased during industrialization, coincident and probably related to immigration, the disorganized growth of cities, and bad working conditions. Nowadays, TB is under control in the general population, but it remains an important health problem in areas with poor living conditions and in immunocompromised patients.
This is the first study that integrates archaeological, historical and epidemiological data to acknowledge the pathway of TB in Argentina.
No skeletal evidence of TB from 19th and 20th centuries and from medical archives from sanatoria are available.
Further research needs to be conducted from these records, in order to improve the current knowledge of TB during the industrialization period in Argentina.
Further research needs to be conducted from these records, in order to improve the current knowledge of TB during the industrialization period in Argentina.
Severe obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥120th percent of the 95th BMI percentile for age and sex, is the fastest growing subcategory of obesity among youth, yet little is known about how this group understands and incorporates weight management strategies. The aims of this study were to explore how parents and adolescents understand severe obesity and incorporate management into their daily lives and evaluate the applicability of the Family Management Styles Framework (FMSF) to better understand the impact of severe obesity for adolescents.
Directed content analysis grounded in a modified version of the FMSF was used to analyze one-time in-home face-to-face interviews with adolescents aged 12-17 years (N = 14) who received pediatric weight management care and a parent (N = 17).
Both adolescents and parents described the day-to-day management as challenging and impactful to parent-child and sibling relationships. They described the need for sustained support and coaching in meeting daily physical activity requirements and related stories of weight stigma experienced. Further, parents' and adolescents' views were mostly congruent, except in their view of effectiveness of daily routines and how family attitudes and actions did or did not support the adolescent.
The FMSF was successfully applied to understand family management of adolescents with severe obesity. These adolescents have complex physical and psychological needs impacting effective weight management and family life.
Technology interventions should be considered to improve physiological and psychological outcomes for youth with severe obesity.
Technology interventions should be considered to improve physiological and psychological outcomes for youth with severe obesity.The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) is a sequential decision making paradigm that assesses risk-taking behavior. Several computational models have been proposed for the BART that characterize risk-taking propensity. An aspect of task performance that has proven challenging to model is the learning that develops from experiencing wins and losses across trials, which has the potential to provide further insight into risky decision making. We developed the Scaled Target Learning (STL) model for this purpose. STL describes learning as adjustments to an individual's strategy in reaction to outcomes in the task, with the size of adjustments reflecting an individual's sensitivity to wins and losses. STL is shown to be sensitive to the learning elicited by experimental manipulations. In addition, the model matches or bests the performance of three competing models in traditional model comparison tests (e.g., parameter recovery performance, predictive accuracy, sensitivity to risk-taking propensity). Findings are discussed in the context of the learning process involved in the task. By characterizing the extent to which people are willing to adapt their strategies based on past experience, STL is a step toward a complete depiction of the psychological processes underlying sequential risk-taking behavior.
To evaluate the effectiveness of a mathematical model for histogram analysis of DCE-MRI in distinguishing responders from non-responders during RA drug treatment.
Twenty-three consecutive RA patients with clinically active inflammation prospectively underwent DCE-MRI at baseline and after treatment. Manual segmentation of the enhanced synovium was performed on the last phase of DCE-MRI. The voxel-based contrast enhancement was calculated in each phase to obtain 75th percentile values. Kinetic curves made from the 75th percentile values were fitted to mathematical model as follows, ΔS(t)=A(1-e
)e
, where A is the upper limit of signal intensity (%), α (sec
) is the rate of signal increase, and β (sec
) is the rate of signal decrease during washout. AUC30 was calculated by integration of 30s. SER was calculated as the signal intensity at the initial time point (t=60) relative to the delayed time point (t=300). The volumes of enhanced synovium (sum of the number of voxels) were also calculated.
After treatment, α, Aα, AUC30 and SER were significantly lower in the responder group than in the non-responder group (p=0.033, 0.024, 0.015, and 0.007). The p value of SER was lowest. Aα, AUC30, and the volume of enhanced synovium had significantly larger changes from baseline to after treatment in the responder group than in the non-responder group (p=0.045, 0.017, and 0.008). The volume of enhanced synovium had the lowest p value.
SER after treatment and change in the volume of enhanced synovium might be effective for distinguishing responders from non-responders.
SER after treatment and change in the volume of enhanced synovium might be effective for distinguishing responders from non-responders.Iodosylbenzene (PhIO) and its derivatives have attracted significant attention due to their various applications in organic synthesis and biomimetic studies. check details For example, PhIO has been extensively used for generating high-valent metal-oxo species that have been regarded as key intermediates in diverse oxidative reactions in biological system. However, recent studies have shown that metal-iodosylbenzene adduct, known as a precursor of metal-oxo species, plays an important role in transition metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions. During last few decades, extensive investigations have been conducted on the synthesis and reactivity studies of metal-iodosylbenzene adducts with early and middle transition metals including manganese, iron, cobalt. Nevertheless, metal-iodosylbenzene adducts with late transition metals such as nickel, copper and zinc, still remains elusive. Herein, we report a novel copper(II)-iodosylbenzene adduct bearing a linear ligand composed of two pyridine rings and an ethoxyethanol side-chain, [Cu(OIPh)(HN3O2)]2+ (1). The copper(II)-iodosylbenzene adduct was characterized by several spectroscopic methods including UV-vis spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (ESI MS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) combined with theoretical calculations. Interestingly, 1 can carry out the catalytic sulfoxidation reaction. In sulfoxidation reaction with thioanisole under catalytic reaction condition, not only two-electron but also four-electron oxidized products such sulfoxide and sulfone were yielded, respectively. However, 1 was not an efficient oxidant towards CH bond activation and epoxidation reactions due to the steric hindrance created by the intramolecular H-bonding interaction between HN3O2 ligand and iodosylbenzene moiety.An efficient and "endotoxin-free" purification of a cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) STING agonist was achieved to produce multigram quantities of pure BMT-390025, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), for toxicological studies. A two-step sub/supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) procedure was developed for the achiral purification and desalting of the polar ionic CDN. A robust SFC process employing methanol-acetonitrile-water with ammonium acetate as co-solvent in CO2 on BEH 2-ethylpyridine was established and scaled up as the first step to achieve a successful purification. The desalting/salt-switching (i.e. removing acetate and acetamide) was conducted using methanol-water with ammonium hydroxide as co-solvent on the same column in the second step to convert the final API to the ammonium salt. Water with additive was essential to eliminating salt precipitation and improving the peak shape and resolution. Due to the extreme hydrophilicity of BMT-390025, 65% of co-solvent was needed to adequately elute the target in both steps. More than 40 g of crude API was purified and desalted producing >20 g of pure BMT-390025 as the ammonium salt which was obtained with a chemical purity of >98.5% and met the endotoxin requirement of 80 g of its penultimate prior to the deprotection of the silyl group was purified at a high throughput of 6.3 g/h (0.42 g/day/g SP).
Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a severe manifestation of physical abuse in young children. This study examines the outcome of AHT in children under 2years and features associated with mortality and disability.
Retrospective chart review of 72 children under 2years diagnosed to have AHT between 2011 and 2018 at a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia. Demographic variables, clinical features, results of neuroimaging and their associations with outcome were explored.
The median age at presentation was 4months, 78% were six months or younger and 68% were male. Two-thirds became unwell in the care of an alternative caregiver. Subdural hemorrhage was present in 98%. Mortality was 10%. Forty-nine survivors returned with median interval of 16months (IQR 5-44months) between discharge and last follow-up. At least 35% of 65 survivors were disabled with 29% having multiple disabilities. Multiple disabilities (61.1% versus 25.8%) and cognitive impairment (61.1% versus 22.6%) were significantly higher in children 3years or older at last follow-up (p<0.05). Signs of brainstem dysfunction at presentation, requirement for ventilation and hypoxic-ischemic injury on neuroimaging were associated with mortality. Needing ventilation, cerebral edema and neurological or visual impairment at discharge were associated with disability.
Outcomes of death or disability in 42% make prevention of AHT a public health priority. Survivors require long-term multi-disciplinary follow-up for coordination of rehabilitation and educational support. Prevention should be directed at improving resources and services to support families in the care of young infants under 6months.
Outcomes of death or disability in 42% make prevention of AHT a public health priority. Survivors require long-term multi-disciplinary follow-up for coordination of rehabilitation and educational support. Prevention should be directed at improving resources and services to support families in the care of young infants under 6 months.
