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The stem age of Hyoscyameae was inferred to be in the Eocene (47.11 Ma, 95% HPD 36.75-57.86 Ma), and the crown ages of Hyoscyameae sensu stricto were estimated as the early Miocene (22.52 Ma, 95% HPD 15.19-30.53 Ma), which shows a close correlation with the rapid uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary. Our results provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships and the history of the biogeographic diversification of the tribe Hyoscyameae, as well as plant diversification on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Previous attempts to elucidate the drivers of speciation mechanisms and spatial distribution patterns of biodiversity in mountain regions have treated different floras within a single geological region as one flora, ignoring the potential contributions of high habitat/ecosystem heterogeneity. Furthermore, current conservation strategies largely focus on forest ecosystems and/or specific flagship species, ignoring marginal ecosystems, leaving species in these ecosystems at risk. Here, we compared the spatial patterns of biodiversity and the potential drivers of these patterns in the river valley and subnival ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains region (HDM) in southwestern China. Specifically, we compared spatial patterns of diversity, endemism, and threatened species in these ecosystems based on both traditional measurements and recent phylogenetic approaches. We then examined how those patterns were related to environmental factors and human activity in these same regions. We found that the middle-southern Hture research into the drivers of biodiversity consider the contributions of various ecosystem types within a single geological region. This study also provides a theoretical basis for protecting habitat diversity. read more Our work confirms that current conservation efforts are insufficient to protect ecosystem diversity in the river valley and subnival ecosystems of the Hengduan Mountains. Therefore, we recommend the establishment of nature reserves in the regions identified in this study; furthermore, we strongly recommend improving current and establishing new management policies for biodiversity conservation in this region.The bacterial cell wall contains numerous surface-exposed proteins, which are covalently anchored and assembled by a sortase family of transpeptidase enzymes. The sortase are cysteine transpeptidases that catalyzes the covalent attachment of surface protein to the cell wall peptidoglycan. Among the reported six classes of sortases, each distinct class of sortase plays a unique biological role in anchoring a variety of surface proteins to the peptidoglycan of both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria. Sortases not only exhibit virulence and pathogenesis properties to host cells, but also possess a significant role in gut retention and immunomodulation in probiotic microbes. The two main distinct functions are to attach proteins directly to the cell wall or assemble pili on the microbial surface. This review provides a compendium of the distribution of different classes of sortases present in both pathogenic and non-pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria and also the noteworthy role played by them in bacterial cell wall assembly which enables each microbe to effectively interact with its environment.

Several adverse effects have been reported in the literature associated with total body irradiation (TBI). Reports of the adverse effects of TBI have been primarily drawn from single-institution retrospective analyses. We report, to our knowledge, one of the largest cohorts of patients treated with TBI using multiple preparative chemotherapy and radiation regimens.

A retrospective chart review was performed for all 705 patients treated with TBI at our institution from 1995 to 2017. Based on availability of TBI records, 622 patients (88%) had sufficient evaluable documentation for analysis. Patients received 1 of 4 conditioning regimens busulfan-fludarabine, 2 Gy (BUFLU); fludarabine-melphalan, 2 Gy (FLUMEL); cyclophosphamide, 12 Gy fractionated (CY); or etoposide, 12 Gy fractionated (VP16). Individual patients were evaluated for 13 specific recognized adverse effects based on the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 5.0.

Mucositis (grade 3) was the most common serious adverse effect ae overall rate of grade ≥3 pneumonitis was approximately 2% across the entire cohort.

Our nearly 20-year TBI experience showed relatively low rates of radiation-related toxicities. However, cataracts were common with a relatively short onset time.

Our nearly 20-year TBI experience showed relatively low rates of radiation-related toxicities. However, cataracts were common with a relatively short onset time.The risk of rectal toxicity during and after prostate cancer radiation therapy is common to all treatment regimens. Hydrogel rectal spacers are increasingly being used to mitigate this risk and to facilitate dose-escalation, but also may infiltrate the rectal wall, with unclear clinical implication. We present a case of significant infiltration associated with severe late rectal injury (grade 4) and further grade 3 to 4 sequelae (recto-urethral fistula and associated osteomyelitis requiring exenteration) after high-dose stereotactic body radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer. The injury's temporal pattern associated with the expected timing of gel dissolution and displacement of infiltrated rectal layers potentially toward high dose regions together suggest a contributing role of the infiltration to the injury. In light of the rapid increase of hydrogel rectal spacer utilization, we review the case's evolution, concerning imaging findings, and associated literature and make suggestions regarding treatment planning and endoscopic assessment in the setting of infiltration or expected injury.

Leptomeningeal disease in prostate adenocarcinoma is very rare. Solitary leptomeningeal recurrence from prostate adenocarcinoma has only been previously reported once in the published literature.

A 63-year-old man with high-risk prostate cancer was treated in a phase I-II trial with androgen deprivation, radiation therapy, and cytotoxic gene therapy. He initially had biochemical control but experienced solitary leptomeningeal recurrence 47 months after diagnosis.

He received androgen deprivation, radiation therapy to the lumbar and sacral spine, and stereotactic radiosurgery to 3 intracranial foci of disease. He died 14 months after leptomeningeal recurrence. Autopsy showed diffuse spinal leptomeningeal disease, leptomeningeal based intracranial lesions, and no other metastasis.

The cause for solitary leptomeningeal recurrence in this patient is unknown. Although there may be many possible mechanisms, we speculate that it could be related to his initial treatment with cytotoxic gene therapy along with radiation therapy and androgen deprivation.