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15), GCSE/vocational (OR=1.48), other/still studying (OR=1.12) and no post-16 qualifications (OR=1.48) had higher odds of smoking than those with university qualifications, as did those who earned in the lowest (OR=1.23), third (OR=1.18) and second quartiles (OR=1.08) compared with those earning in the highest. Associations between smoking and employment (OR=1.03) and car ownership (OR=1.05) were much smaller. CONCLUSION Of a variety of socio-economic measures, housing tenure appears to be the strongest independent predictor of smoking in England, followed by social grade, educational qualifications and income. Employment status and car ownership have the lowest predictive power. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco.BACKGROUND Mathematical models can be powerful policymaking tools. Simple, static models are user-friendly for policymakers. More complex, dynamic models account for time-dependent changes but are complicated to understand and produce. Under which conditions are static models adequate? We compare static and dynamic model predictions of whether behavioural disinhibition could undermine the impact of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) provision to female sex workers in South Africa. METHODS A static model of HIV risk was developed and adapted into a dynamic model. Both models were used to estimate the possible reduction in condom use, following PrEP introduction, without increasing HIV risk. The results were compared over a 20-year time horizon, in two contexts at epidemic equilibrium and during an increasing epidemic. RESULTS Over time horizons of up to 5 years, the models are consistent. Over longer timeframes, the static model overstates the tolerated reduction in condom use where initial condom use is reasonably high ($\ge$50%) and/or PrEP effectiveness is low ($\le$45%), especially during an increasing epidemic. CONCLUSIONS Static models can provide useful deductions to guide policymaking around the introduction of a new HIV intervention over short-medium time horizons of up to 5 years. Over longer timeframes, static models may not sufficiently emphasise situations of programmatic importance, especially where underlying epidemics are still increasing. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Glycans mediate a wide variety of biological roles via recognition by glycan-binding proteins (GBPs). Comprehensive knowledge of such interaction is thus fundamental to glycobiology. While the primary binding feature of GBPs can be easily uncovered by using a simple glycan microarray harboring limited numbers of glycan motifs, their fine specificities are harder to interpret. In this study, we prepared 98 closely related N-glycoforms that contain 5 common glycan epitopes which allowed the determination of the fine binding specificities of several plant lectins and anti-glycan antibodies. These N-glycoforms differ from each other at the monosaccharide level and were presented in an identical format to ensure comparability. With the analysis platform we used, it was found that most tested GBPs have preferences toward only one branch of the complex N-glycans, and their binding toward the epitope-presenting branch can be significantly affected by structures on the other branch. read more Fine specificities described here are valuable for a comprehensive understanding and applications of GBPs. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.OBJECTIVES Among all Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, South Korean older adults work until the latest age. We investigate the extent to which work experiences over the life course and family circumstances can be associated with older workers' incentives to remain in the labor force beyond the statutory pension age. We explore gender-specific patterns of labor force exit and labor force re-entry in later life. METHODS Using panel data of South Korean older workers and retirees from 2006 to 2016, we estimate multilevel discrete-time models with random effects to predict their labor force transition process that unfolds over time. RESULTS Results show that skilled manual workers are less likely to exit employment and more likely to re-enter the labor force. A longer history of self-employment is related to later retirement. The relationship between career characteristics and the risk of retirement is only significant for men. Late-aged employment transition among women appears to be more related to family conditions. Women who receive financial support from adult offspring are more likely to remain out of the labor force but this relationship is not pronounced among men. DISCUSSION Policies aimed at extending working lives need to provide various types of social support to older job seekers, especially those who had low-class jobs and those without family networks. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Advances in the understanding of how the immune system functions in response to diet have altered the way we think about feeding livestock and companion animals on both the short (weeks/months) and long-term (years) timelines; however, depth of research in each of these species varies. Work dedicated to understanding how immune function can be altered with diet has revealed additional functions of required nutrients such as vitamins D and E, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and minerals such as zinc, while feed additives such as phytogenics and probiotics add an additional layer of immunomodulating potential to modern diets. For certain nutrients such as vitamin D or omega-3 PUFA, inclusion above currently recommended levels may optimize immune function and reduce inflammation, while for others such as zinc, additional pharmacological supplementation above requirements may inhibit immune function. Also to consider is the potential to over-immunomodulate, where important functions such as clearance of microbial infections may be reduced when supplementation reduces the inflammatory action of the immune system.