Knowlesgreenberg2199

ass, Lactobacillales order, Lactobacillaceae family, and Lactobacillus genus in the ileum of laying hens. This effect was equivalent to the action of bacitracin zinc and had no substantial influence on the diversity of ileum flora.Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) include several serotypes isolated from cases of hemorrhagic colitis and, hemolytic uremic syndrome. Although O157H7 is the most predominant STEC serotype, more than 100 non-O157 serogroups cause diseases in humans. Some STEC carry a Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE-positive); however, STEC that do not carry LEE (LEE-negative) have also been associated with illness, mainly those harbouring the Locus of Adhesion and Autoaggregation (LAA). LAA carry some genes such as hes, iha, tpsA, and agn43, related with pathogenicity. One of them is the ability to form biofilms on different environments, which can contaminate food and generate infections while protecting themselves against adverse conditions. Considering that LAA could be responsible for some adherence mechanisms, the aims of this study were to compare different serogroup of LEE-negative STEC strains in their ability to form biofilms and to evaluate the participation of some genes encoding in LAA. A total of 348 LEE-negative STEC strains was analyzed. The presence of hes, iha, tpsA and agn43 were determined by monoplex PCR. From them, 48 STEC strains belonging to serogroups O113, O130, O171, O174 and, O178 were assayed for their ability to form biofilm. The most prevalent genes detected were agn43 (72.1%) and tpsA (69.5%). The iha and hes genes were present in 63.7% and 54% of the strains, respectively. Although all STEC strains were able to form biofilm, it was found a high variability between them. The relation between the biofilm formation and the presence of each gene was not statistically significant, suggesting that biofilm formation is independent of the presence of those genes. Highlighting that there is no treatment for HUS, it is once again notable that prevention measures and control strategies to prevent biofilm formation are important factors in reducing STEC transmission.This study assessed the correlation between biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with both the level of antibiotic resistance, and the number of virulence- and biofilm-related genes encoded. A total of sixty-six, non-replicate and prospectively collected P. aeruginosa strains were identified and tested. Potential ampD mutations that may impose resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactam (ESBL) agents were further explored. Of the sixty-six tested isolates, 40 demonstrated the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, while twenty-six were non-MDR strains. An inverse correlation was observed between antibiotic resistance and the potential capacity to form biofilms. In addition, no correlation was observed between novel ampD mutations and the tendency for MDR isolates to acquire a β-lactam-resistant phenotype. The present study emphasizes the need for enhanced infection preventive measures in various hospital units, since both MDR and non-MDR P. aeruginosa isolates exhibited a high level of biofilm-forming capacity and the presence of virulence-associated genes.Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of melioidosis, which is an emerging infectious disease endemic to many tropical regions. Autophagy is an intrinsic cellular process that degrades cytoplasmic components and plays an important role in protecting the host against pathogens. Like many intracellular pathogens, B. pseudomallei can evade the autophagy-dependent cellular clearance. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we applied a combination of multiple assays to monitor autophagy processes and found that B. pseudomallei induced an incomplete autophagic flux and eliminate autophagy clearance in macrophages by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Based on a high-throughput microarray screening, we found that LIPA (lysosomal acid LIPAse A) was downregulated during B. pseudomallei infection. MiR-146a was then identified to be specifically upregulated upon infection with B. pseudomallei and further regulated LIPA expression by interacting with 3'UTR of LIPA. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-146a contributed to the defect of autophagic flux caused by B. pseudomallei and was beneficial for the survival of B. pseudomallei in macrophages. Therefore, our findings suggest that miR-146a inhibits autophagy via posttranscriptional suppression of LIPA expression to maintain B. pseudomallei survival in macrophages.Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV) is a severe viral pathogen of flounder resulting in significant losses to the aquaculture industry. learn more However, the mortality due to the disease would be significantly reduced when the water temperature was increased from 10 to 20 °C. In this study, we examined the potentiality of vaccination with live HIRRV under a temperature-controlled culture condition for development of protective immunity in flounder. Flounders were infected with HIRRV at 10 °C and maintained for 2 days, and then the temperature was shift up to 20 °C. When the temperature was further shift down to 10 °C at 7 (S-7 group), 14 (S-14 group) or 21 (S-21 group) days post infection (dpi), mortality rates of 60%, 13.33% and 0 were observed, respectively. To investigate the development of protective immunity of survived flounder, a re-challenge was performed and a highest survival rate of 80% was found in S-21 group, which was significantly higher than S-14 group (65%) and S-7 group (45%). Moreover, it was found that a lower viral load was detected in the flounder maintained at 20 °C for a longer time, and a longer maintaining of survived flounder at 20 °C would also elicit higher percentages of IgM + B lymphocytes and specific antibodies levels. Notably, a significantly higher levels of specific antibodies were detected post re-challenge compared with the first peak level after initial infection. Therefore, these demonstrated that the initial infection with live HIRRV under a temperature-controlled condition elicited an effective protective immune response against HIRRV, and maintaining at 20 °C for a long enough time would allow the HIRRV-infected flounder to eliminate the virus completely and acquired a protective immunity against HIRRV infection. This is the first study showing the possibility of developing an effective preventive measure against HIRRV by vaccination with live virus under controlled water temperature.