Klitsalas6947

The most common species were R. appendiculatus (51.8%), A. lepidum (21.0%), A. variegatum (14.3%), R. evertsi evertsi (8.2%), and R. decoloratus (2.4%). R. afranicus is a new species recently described in South Africa and we report its presence in Uganda for the first time. The sequences of R. afranicus were 2.4% divergent from those obtained in Southern Africa. We confirm the presence of the invasive R. microplus in two districts (Soroti and Gulu). Species diversity was highest in Moroto district (p = 0.004) and geographical predominance by specific ticks was observed (p = 0.001). The study expands the knowledge on tick fauna in Uganda and demonstrates that multiple tick species with potential to transmit several tick-borne diseases including zoonotic pathogens are infesting cattle.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is well known for causing a potentially severe course of bronchiolitis in infants. Many paediatric healthcare workers claim to be able to diagnose RSV based on cough sound, which was evaluated in this study. Parents of children less then 1 year old admitted to the paediatric ward because of airway complaints were asked to record cough sounds of their child. In all children, MLPA analysis-a variation of PCR analysis-on nasopharyngeal swab was performed (golden standard). Sixteen cough fragments representing 4 different viral pathogens were selected and presented to paediatric healthcare workers. Thirty-two paediatric nurses, 16 residents and 16 senior staff members were asked to classify the audio files and state whether the cough was due to RSV infection or not. Senior staff, nurses and residents correctly identified RSV with a sensitivity of 76.2%, 73.1% and 51.3% respectively. Correct exclusion of RSV cases was performed with a specificity of 60.8%, 60.2% and 65.3% respec.5 years of work experience to be able to make a RSV diagnosis based on cough sound.The aim of this study was to assess the criterion validity of a new screening instrument, the Early Language Scale (ELS), for the identification of young children at risk for developmental language disorder (DLD), and to determine optimal age-adjusted cut-off scores. We recruited a community-based sample of 265 children aged 1 to 6 years of age. Parents of these children responded on the ELS, a 26-item "yes-no" questionnaire. The children were assessed with extended language tests (language comprehension, word production, sentence production, communication). A composite score out of these tests (two tests below - 1 SD or one below - 1.5 SD) was used as reference standard. We assessed the validity of the ELS, measured by sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and AUC. The optimal sensitivity/specificity age-dependent cut-off ELS score was at 15th percentile. Sensitivity and specificity were 0.62 and 0.93, respectively. selleck chemicals Positive predictive value was moderate (0.53), negative predictive value was high (0.95), the positive likelihood ratio was 9.16, and negative likelihood ratio was 0.41. The area under the ROC curve was 0.88. The items covered the increasing language development for the ages from 1 to 6.Conclusion The ELS is a valid instrument to identify children with DLD covering an age range of 1 to 6 years in community-based settings.What is Known• Early identification and treatment of developmental language disorders can reduce negative effects on children's emotional functioning, academic success, and social relationships.• Short, validated language screening instruments that cover the full age range of early childhood language development lack.What is New• The 26-item Early Language Scale (ELS) is a valid instrument to identify children at risk for developmental language disorder in well-child care and early educational settings among Dutch children aged 1-6 years.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) live in symbiosis with plant roots, facilitating mineral nutrient transfer from soil to hosts through large networks of extraradical hyphae. Limited data are available on the fungal structures (appressoria) connecting soil- to root-based mycelium, in relation to plant nutrition. Two in vivo systems were set up using three AMF, Funneliformis mosseae, Funneliformis coronatus and Rhizoglomus irregulare, grown in symbiosis with Cichorium intybus. The assessment of plant P content, number of appressoria, diameter of their subtending hyphae and length of colonized roots allowed calculation of the total cross-section area of appressorium-subtending hyphae, which differed among the three AMF and was correlated with plant P contents and with extraradical mycelium density. A conservative evaluation of P fluxes from soil- to plant-based hyphae occurring through appressoria gave values ranging from 1.7 to 4.2 × 10-8 mol cm-2 s-1 (moles per total cross-section area of the appressorium subtending hyphae per time elapsed), depending on AMF identity. This work suggests that, beyond intraradical colonization and extraradical mycelium extent, connections between extraradical and intraradical fungal mycelium through appressoria are important for mycorrhizal plant nutrition, as appressorium structural traits and density can be related to P transfer mediated by AMF.We previously reported the involvement of neostriato-nigral projections in the organisation of innate fear and panic attack-like responses organised by dorsal midbrain neurons, such as the periaqueductal grey matter and the deep layers of the superior colliculus (dlSC). In addition, several lines of evidence have demonstrated that cannabinoid receptor type 1 is found in the neostriatum (caudate nucleus and putamen; CPu). In the present study, we investigated the role of endocannabinoid neuromodulation in CPu in the expression of unconditioned fear-related behavioural responses elicited by microinjections of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor selective antagonist bicuculline (BIC) in the dlSC. Wistar rats received injection of vehicle or anandamide (AEA) at 0.5, 5, 50, 100 pmol in CPu, followed by injections of BIC in a dose of 40 ng in the dlSC. The treatment of the CPu with AEA in a dose of 5 and 50 pmol attenuated the unconditioned fear-related behaviour, such as defensive alertness, defensive immobility and escape, induced by GABAA receptor blockade in dlSC.