Klausenkincaid5431

Steep delay discounting is characterized by a preference for small immediate outcomes relative to larger delayed outcomes and is predictive of drug abuse, risky sexual behaviors, and other maladaptive behaviors. Nancy M. Petry was a pioneer in delay discounting research who demonstrated that people discount delayed monetary gains less steeply than they discount substances with abuse liability. Subsequent research found steep discounting for not only drugs, but other nonmonetary outcomes such as food, sex, and health. In this systematic review, we evaluate the hypotheses proposed to explain differences in discounting as a function of the type of outcome and explore the trait- and state-like nature of delay discounting. We found overwhelming evidence for the state-like quality of delay discounting Consistent with Petry and others' work, nonmonetary outcomes are discounted more steeply than monetary outcomes. We propose two hypotheses that together may account for this effect Decreasing Future Preference and Decreasing Future Worth. We also found clear evidence that delay discounting has trait-like qualities People who steeply discount monetary outcomes steeply discount nonmonetary outcomes as well. The implication is that changing delay discounting for one outcome could change discounting for other outcomes. © 2020 Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.The leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata have a long history of use as a health tea and herbal medicine. Data on the distribution of active metabolites in, and antioxidant capacities of, different vine tea tissues remain incomplete. The aim of this work was to investigate the content of metabolites from A. grossedentata different tissues and evaluate the antioxidant capacities of the extraction of the species in vitro and in oil systems canola oil and sunflower oil. To evaluate the degree of lipid oxidation, the peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance value (TBARS) were determined, and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H-NMR) was performed. The results revealed a high total flavonoid content in each of the four extractions (>580 mg/g dried weigh). Leaf extractions exhibited higher antioxidant ability, followed by fruit extract and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The POVs of oils bearing extracts of A. grossedentata and BHT maintained less than 21.08 meq/kg oil against to control with 1,406.33 ± 52.63 meq/kg oil on day 32 in canola oil, and 27.87 meq/kg oil comparing to 1,892.96 ± 48.63 meq/kg oil in control on day 24 in sunflower oil. Concurring results were also obtained in TBARS and 1 H-NMR analysis. Our results indicated that these different tissues of A. grossedentata could be a potential antioxidant resource, and this work may contribute to the comprehensive utilization of this species. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Leaf extracts of Ampelopsis grossedentata showed effective antioxidant properties, followed by the fruit extract, which showed similar activity to that of the synthetic antioxidant of BHT. Moreover, the investigation of different tissues within the plant may contribute to the comprehensive utilization of this species. © 2020 Institute of Food Technologists®.Inonotus obliquus is a traditional mushroom well known for its therapeutic value. selleck chemicals llc In this study, various solvent fractions of I. obliquus were preliminarily screened for their antioxidant, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties. To improve the drug delivery, the active fraction (ethyl acetate fraction) of I. obliquus was synthesized into fungisome (ethyl acetate phophotidyl choline complex, EAPC) and its physical parameters were assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and ς potential analysis. Then normal human hepatic L02 cells was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of EAPC. The results showed that EA fraction possesses significant free radical scavenging, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition properties. FTIR, SEM, and HPLC analysis confirmed the fungisome formation. The particle size of EAPC was 102.80 ± 0.42 nm and the ς potential was -54.30 ± 0.61 mV. The percentage of drug entrapment efficiency was 97.13% and the drug release rates of EAPC in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid were 75.04 ± 0.29% and 93.03 ± 0.36%, respectively. EAPC was nontoxic to L02 cells, however it could selectively fight against the H2 O2 induced oxidative damage in L02 cells. This is the first study to provide scientific information to utilize the active fraction of I. obliquus as fungisome. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Inonotus obliquus (IO) is a traditional medicinal fungus. The extracts of IO have obvious antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of IO was encapsulated in liposomes to form EAPC. EAPC has a sustained-release effect. It has nontoxic to L02 cells and could protect L02 cells from oxidative damage caused by hydrogen peroxide. This study could provide new ideas for the treatment of diabetes. © 2020 Institute of Food Technologists®.In-depth understanding of the shifting of water status during dehydration is crucial for obtaining better quality of dried food. In this work, we report a nondestructive method to measure the water status in hot-air dried mushroom via multispectral imaging (MSI) technology combined with chemometric methods. The low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) measurements were performed as reference. During drying process, the moisture content changed dramatically with notable migration and conversion of different water phases. Partial least squares (PLS), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) models were applied to develop quantitative models. Among all, BPNN model showed considerably better performance of prediction with coefficient of determination R2 c = 0.9829, R2 p = 0.9639. The results demonstrated that MSI technology combined with chemometric methods is an impressive approach for determination of the water status in hot-air dried mushrooms, which would facilitate infield of food processing by providing applicable and appropriate platform.