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While, fibers with diameters of 3.5 and 3 μm can only be excited at uncomfortable numb and pain sensations. The resulted modelling predictions match the recent psychophysical experimental data.

The new TENS model is more physiologically-realistic by introducing a detailed morphological information and key ionic mechanisms in nerve fibers.

Our results indicate that TENS may be a promising method to target functionally-distinct neural pathways in an effort to improve the elicited tactile sensations quality with electrical stimulation. This work provides a promising platform of discovering neural mechanisms under TENS.

Our results indicate that TENS may be a promising method to target functionally-distinct neural pathways in an effort to improve the elicited tactile sensations quality with electrical stimulation. This work provides a promising platform of discovering neural mechanisms under TENS.Humic acids (HAs) have many significant environmental and geochemical functions in soils, bottom sediments, and aquatic environments. Their interaction with toxic heavy metal ions affects their transport and bioavailability. This study suggests that binding of heavy metal ions to HAs could potentially help to develop strategies for recovering metal-contaminated soils and groundwater. This study is aimed at investigation of sorption properties of HA preparations from peat soils based on determining the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the sorption processes of Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions. Based on a model experiment, the binding ability of HAs of Hemic Folic Cryic Histosol to Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions was revealed. It is shown that during the initial stage (first 20 min for Cd2+ ions and 30 min for Pb2+ ions) the kinetics of the process of sorption of metal ions by suspended HA preparations is better described by pseudo-second order equation. This indicates the chemisorption mechanism and limiting contribution of chemicate a dissociative sorption mechanism for both metals, i.e. non-sorbed ions in the solution are in a more ordered state than after sorption. The negative values of the Gibbs free energy change for Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions indicate that the interaction of ions with HA preparations from peat soils is a spontaneous process with a complex mechanism involving complexation and ion exchange processes.The refractive outcome of cataract surgery is influenced by the choice of intraocular lens (IOL) power formula and the accuracy of the various devices used to measure the eye (including intraoperative aberrometry [IA]). This review aimed to cover the breadth of literature over the previous 10 years, focusing on 3 main questions (1) What IOL power formulas currently are available and which is the most accurate? (2) What biometry devices are available, do the measurements they obtain differ from one another, and will this cause a clinically significant change in IOL power selection? and (3) Does IA improve refractive outcomes? A literature review was performed by searching the PubMed database for articles on each of these topics that identified 1313 articles, of which 166 were included in the review. For IOL power formulas, the Kane formula was the most accurate formula over the entire axial length (AL) spectrum and in both the short eye (AL, ≤22.0 mm) and long eye (AL, ≥26.0 mm) subgroups. Other formulas that ue-K formulas were not used. When they were used, IA did not result in better outcomes.Corneal astigmatism is common. More than 40% of patients undergoing cataract surgery have 1 diopter (D) power or more of astigmatism, which left untreated is visually significant. Because toric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are available, the current standard of care is to offer treatment of astigmatism at the time of cataract surgery. PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase databases, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched from inception to October 2019. Search words included astigmatism, corneal astigmatism, toric IOLs, alignment, and IOL calculation. Studies evaluated included review articles regarding the origin and history of astigmatism, the diagnosis and management of the disease, and the history of surgical management options for astigmatism. Other studies evaluated in this review included clinical trials, meta-analyses, and retrospective analysis of surgical refractive outcomes. Prediction of refractive outcomes was evaluated with a review of IOL calculators and their use in lens prediction for cataract surgery. Evaluation of these articles also showed improved uncorrected visual acuity with the use of toric IOLs in patients undergoing cataract surgery. New diagnostic technology, new toric IOLs, updated lens formulas, intraoperative guidance, and advanced imaging technology and software have contributed to improvements in the surgical correction of astigmatism.

Endodontic procedures for patients requiring treatment in a single, short session need to be validated. Natural Product Library This study aimed at evaluating the long-term outcome of full pulpotomy in permanent molars performed with reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cement (Intermediate Restorative Material [IRM], Dentsply Sirona, Versailles, France) immediately restored using stainless steel crowns under general anesthesia.

The absence of clinical signs and symptoms and the evolution of the periapical index between the treatment date and the longest follow-up time were used to grade the pulpotomy outcome as "effective," "uncertain," or "ineffective." The impact of different criteria on the pulpotomy outcome was tested (ie, the etiology of the lesion, tooth maturity, endodontic difficulty related to the coronal shape and the root canal shape, and endodontic difficulty related to the radiographic root canal appearance).

Among the 608 teeth (338 patients) treated in a single session with IRM full pulpotomy and stainless steel prefoh as dental care emergencies during humanitarian crises or pandemic periods.

Pulmonary vascular disease is associated with poor outcomes in individuals affected by interstitial lung disease. The pulmonary vessels can be quantified with noninvasive imaging, but whether radiographic indicators of vasculopathy are associated with early interstitial changes is not known.

Are pulmonary vascular volumes, quantified from CT scans, associated with interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) in a community-based sample with a low burden of lung disease?

In 2,386 participants of the Framingham Heart Study, we used CT imaging to calculate pulmonary vascular volumes, including the small vessel fraction (a surrogate of vascular pruning). We constructed multivariable logistic regression models to investigate associations of vascular volumes with ILA, progression of ILA, and restrictive pattern on spirometry. In secondary analyses, we additionally adjusted for diffusing capacity and emphysema, and performed a sensitivity analysis restricted to participants with normal FVC and diffusing capacity.

In adjusted models, we found that lower pulmonary vascular volumes on CT were associated with greater odds of ILA, antecedent ILA progression, and restrictive pattern on spirometry.