Kelleyboyd8275

(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Temporal dynamics in attention bias (AB) have gained increasing attention in recent years. It has been proposed that AB is variable over trials within a single test session of the dot-probe task, and that the variability in AB is more predictive of psychopathology than the traditional mean AB score. More important, one of the dynamics indices has shown better reliability than the traditional mean AB score. However, it has been also suggested that the dynamics indices are unable to uncouple random measurement error from true variability in AB, which questions the estimation precision of the dynamics indices. To clarify and overcome this issue, the current article introduces a state-space modeling (SSM) approach to estimate trial-level AB more accurately by filtering random measurement error. The estimation error of the extant dynamics indices versus SSM were evaluated by computer simulations with different parameter settings for the temporal variability and between-person variance in AB. Throughout the simulations, SSM showed robustly lower estimation error than the extant dynamics indices. ABT-869 cost We also applied these indices to real data sets, which revealed that the dynamics indices overestimate within-person variability relative to SSM. Here SSM indicated less temporal dynamics in AB than previously proposed. These findings suggest that SSM might be a better alternative to estimate trial level AB than the extant dynamics indices. However, it is still unclear whether AB has meaningful in-session variability that is predictive of psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Adolescents' emotion regulatory capacities modulate the relationship between child maltreatment experiences and psychopathology. Affective inhibitory control constitutes an important part of emotion regulation and involves the ability to regulate automatic or prepotent responses to irrelevant and potentially distracting emotional information. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of affective inhibitory control in the relationship between exposure to child maltreatment and internalizing problems in adolescence. A nationally representative sample of adolescents (n = 9,240; 49% girls; Mage = 14 years; SD = 0.9), of which n = 4,261 (55% girls; Mage = 14 years; SD = 0.9) were exposed to child maltreatment, conducted an emotional go/no-go task. Participants were presented with angry facial expressions as emotional no-go stimuli in order to examine their ability to inhibit behavioral responses to threatening task-irrelevant stimuli. Affective inhibitory control problems were uniquely related to internalizing problems in maltreated adolescents. Gender effects were observed; the relationship was significant in girls but not in boys. Moreover, affective inhibitory control moderated the relationship between exposure to psychological abuse and internalizing problems in girls. We did not observe any relationship between inhibitory control and internalizing problems when neutral faces were presented as task-irrelevant information. Findings suggest that a reduced ability to inhibit threatening, but task-irrelevant, information is related to internalizing problems in maltreated adolescent girls. Results highlight the importance of affective inhibitory control as a potential moderating mechanism in individual risk for experiencing internalizing problems in abused adolescents. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by remarkable volatility and comorbidity in internalizing disorders. Delineating internalizing symptom change in a manner that accounts for symptoms' shared versus distinctive features is imperative to an understanding of their development. An additional question concerns how vulnerabilities for internalizing disorders relate to development of internalizing symptoms. Cross-sectional and prospective associations between neuroticism and internalizing psychopathology are well-established, yet conclusive evidence on neuroticism's relation to the progression of symptom dimensions relevant to internalizing disorders remains absent. In this investigation, we used latent growth curve modeling to characterize the trajectories of tri-level model internalizing dimensions (General Distress, Anhedonia-Apprehension, Fears, Anxious Arousal, Fears of Specific Stimuli, Social Fears, Narrow Depression, Interoceptive/Agoraphobic Fears) and examined whether a general neuroticism factor predicted their growth. We used anxiety and depressive symptom data spanning 6 years, collected from 606 high school juniors mostly vulnerable for internalizing disorders. We observed a pattern of results that varied by symptom dimension. Only Anhedonia-Apprehension showed a distinct increasing trend, on average. Neuroticism predicted an adverse symptom course for the dimension of General Distress. Our results reinforce the notion that neuroticism confers substantial risk for internalizing symptom maintenance and extend past findings by demonstrating that neuroticism forecasts a poor symptom course for General Distress but not narrower dimensions of internalizing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Chimpanzees help conspecifics achieve their goals in instrumental situations, but neither their immediate motivation nor the evolutionary basis of their motivation is clear. In the current study, we gave chimpanzees the opportunity to instrumentally help a conspecific to obtain food. Following recent studies with human children, we measured their pupil diameter at various points in the process. Like young children, chimpanzees' pupil diameter decreased soon after they had helped. However, unlike children, chimpanzees' pupils remained more dilated upon watching a third party provide the needed help instead of them. Our interpretation is that chimpanzees are motivated to help others, and the evolutionary basis is direct or indirect reciprocity, as providing help oneself sets the conditions for a payback. This is in contrast to young children whose goal is to see others being helped-by whomever-presumably because their helping is not based on reciprocity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).