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Domestic violence, specifically, violence against women, is prevalent in all segments of society regardless of social class, ethnicity, culture or country. In other words, domestic violence is a global concern.

The study aims to investigate the relationship between the attitude and knowledge of the health staff in pre-hospital emergency medical services about violence against women and their recognition of such form of violence.

This descriptive study was conducted on 1023 paramedics and emergency medicine technicians who work in the pre-hospital emergency health setting and are members of the Paramedic and Pre-hospital Emergency Medicine Association. The Attitudes towards Violence against Women Scale (ATVAWS) and Health Staff's Recognition of Signs of Violence against Women Scale (HPRSVAWS) were used for data collection.

The mean scores for the ATVAWS and HPRSVAWS were 46.68±6.92 and 20.31±3.23, respectively. Of the participants, 48.5% had been subjected to violence, 43.93% had been subjected to violh. That is, they mostly held non-violent views. The characteristics, attitudes, perceptions and values of health professionals were considered important factors in addressing violence.

The study found that health staff in emergency health stations better recognised the signs of violence against women as their attitudes towards violence were less similar to the traditional approach. That is, they mostly held non-violent views. The characteristics, attitudes, perceptions and values of health professionals were considered important factors in addressing violence.

Black adults in the United States have shorter sleep durations and poorer sleep efficiency relative to White adults, yet reasons for these disparities are not well explicated. Azeliragon The objective of this study was to examine neighborhood safety in childhood as a mediator of subsequent racial disparities in sleep.

Data were from Black and White young adults attending a large, predominantly White university in the Southeastern United States (N=263; 52% Black, 53% female; Mean age=19.21 years, SD=1.01). Sleep parameters were assessed from eight nights of wrist actigraphy (time in bed, sleep duration, and efficiency) and an established self-report measure of daytime sleepiness. Residential histories from birth through age 18 were documented, and retrospective self-reports of neighborhood safety in childhood were assessed.

Black participants had less time in bed (p<0.001), shorter sleep duration (p<0.001), poorer sleep efficiency (p<0.001), and more daytime sleepiness (p=0.009) than White participants. Neighborhood safety mediated race differences in time in bed (p=0.028), sleep duration (p=0.033), and daytime sleepiness (p=0.048), but not sleep efficiency. Findings were substantively unchanged after adjustment for family socioeconomic status, BMI, and substance use.

Findings support the hypothesis that neighborhood safety in childhood may partially account for race differences in subsequent sleep duration and daytime sleepiness. Addressing racial inequities in childhood neighborhood safety may be an important step toward reducing racial disparities in sleep health.

Findings support the hypothesis that neighborhood safety in childhood may partially account for race differences in subsequent sleep duration and daytime sleepiness. Addressing racial inequities in childhood neighborhood safety may be an important step toward reducing racial disparities in sleep health.

Observational studies have suggested that subjective wellbeing and personality traits link to risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is unclear if these associations are causal.

We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization to assess potential causality. Genetic associations were obtained from the largest genome-wide association studies in Social Science Genetic Association Consortium (N=298,420), Genetics of Personality Consortium (N=81,036), and four independent consortia of AD (N=455,258). We run the inverse variance weighted (IVW) approach as one primary analysis. A Bonferroni-corrected threshold of p<8.33×10

was considered significant, and p values between 8.33×10

and 0.05 were considered to be suggestive of an association.

The suggestive association with decreased risk of AD was noted for a genetically predicted 1-SD increase in subjective wellbeing (odds ratio=0.963, 95% confidence interval=0.930-0.997; p=0.032). Genetically predicted greater neuroticism was significantly associated with lower subjective wellbeing (β=-0.077; p=0.004). No putative personality traits were significantly associated with AD risk after correction for multiple tests, including agreeableness (β=-0.0010; p=0.477), conscientiousness (β=0.0018; p=0.270), openness (β=0.0004; p=0.738), neuroticism (β=-0.0098; p=0.262), or extraversion (β=0.0120; p=0.262).

Subjective wellbeing may independently reduce the risk of AD. Residual confounding is likely to be responsible for the previous observational relationships between personality traits and AD.

Subjective wellbeing may independently reduce the risk of AD. Residual confounding is likely to be responsible for the previous observational relationships between personality traits and AD.Research has documented a strong association between perceived social support, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and psychological distress (PD) among people exposed to natural disasters. However, the direction of associations between these factors remains unclear. This study examined possible mediational relationships among perceived social support, PTSS, and PD. A three-wave longitudinal design (6 months intervals) was employed in a sample of 341 Chinese university students (Mage = 21.24, SD = 2.72; 75.7% female) aged 18 to 34 who were directly exposed to a typhoon that occurred in Macao, China, during August 2017. Results indicated that perceived social support at T2 mediated the linkage between PTSS at T1 and PD at T3, and that PTSS at T2 significantly mediated the relationship between PD at T1 and perceived social support at T3. This three-wave longitudinal study highlights the key role of perceived social support on the aggravating effect of acute PTSS on long-term psychological problems, and demonstrates that adverse psychological health outcomes negatively affect the perception of supportive social resources in the context of a natural disaster.This study examined the impact of psychotic relapse on the diagnostic stability of acute and transient psychotic disorders (ATPD), and how this potential risk factor could differentiate 'acute polymorphic psychotic disorder without symptoms of schizophrenia' (APPD; ICD-10 code F23.0) from the remaining non-APPD subtypes (F23.1-9). A two-year cohort study was performed on 68 patients with first-episode ATPD. At the end of follow-up, the diagnostic stability of ATPD was 55.9% and the overall rate of psychotic relapse was 61.8%. Statistical analysis showed that recurrence was an independent risk factor for diagnostic shift in ATPDs (relative risk [RR] = 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-2.39; p = 0.005) and that this risk differed among their subtypes insofar as its appearance significantly increased the likelihood of diagnostic change in patients with non-APPD subtypes (RR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.56-4.07; p less then 0.001), but not in those with APPD (RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.57-1.57; p = 0.844). Our findings confirm the negative implications of recurrence in patients with ATPD, encourage long-term intervention targeting relapse prevention in this population, and provide new empirical evidence in support of narrowing the ATPD category to APPD in the upcoming ICD-11.Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of hyperarousal are mediated through sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity. PTSD symptoms, including distressing thoughts and memories, flashbacks, hyperarousal, and sleep disturbances, have been linked with elevated norepinephrine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. Clonidine, an alpha2-adrenergic agonist, reduces the release of norepinephrine and has been suggested as a treatment for PTSD. However, literature for use of clonidine in PTSD is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate clinical records of patients with PTSD treated with clonidine to assess reported efficacy and safety. A cohort of veterans with PTSD treated with clonidine at a midwestern VA hospital between July 2015 and January 2018 were studied retrospectively. Medical records of 79 patients with moderate to severe PTSD symptoms were reviewed by three independent clinicians using the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale to quantify symptom severity (CGI-S) before starting clonidine and subjects' change in symptoms (CGI-I) after starting clonidine. Data on adverse events were also collected. Subgroup analyses were conducted on the impact of comorbid diagnoses, concurrent medications, and substance use. Mean CGI-S score at baseline was 4.8 (5 = markedly ill). After treatment with low-dose clonidine, 72% of patients experienced improvement, and 49% scored "much improved" or "very much improved." Adverse effects were reported by 18 out of 79 subjects. In this retrospective analysis of veterans prescribed clonidine for PTSD, CGI-I scores suggested improvement in PTSD symptoms, and minimal side effects were reported. In addition, some comorbid diagnoses and concurrent medications were correlated with variations in outcomes.Prejudices can lead to discrimination, social exclusion, and violence particularly among young male adults. Previous findings suggest that the degree of holding prejudices is linked to low levels of empathy, while low levels of empathy have been associated with alexithymia, the inability to experience one's own feelings. We tested the hypothesis that the impact of a lack of empathy on reporting blatant and subtle prejudices is moderated by the inability to identify one's own feelings. In a sample of n = 136 young male adults aged 21 years (mean = 21.5 years; sd = 0.3), we conducted correlation and moderator analyses to determine possible relationships between prejudices, empathy, and alexithymia as assessed by self-report questionnaires. Prejudices were assessed by the Blatant and Subtle Prejudice Scale (BSPS), empathy was assessed by the German modified version of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI), and alexithymia by the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Self-reported empathy levels were correlated with the strength of subtle and blatant prejudices. The moderation analyses revealed that the negative association between empathy and subtle prejudice increased with decreasing alexithymia. The negative association between empathy and blatant prejudice, on the other hand, was significant only for participants with low levels of alexithymia. These results suggest that empathy can limit the expression of blatant and to some degree also subtle prejudice when subjects are capable to identify their own feelings in a group of young males.Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Since the diagnosis of ADHD is defined by operational diagnostic criteria consisting of several clinical symptoms, a number of heterogeneous mechanisms have been considered to be implicated in its pathophysiology. Although no clinically reliable biomarkers are available for the diagnosis of ADHD, several plausible candidate biomarkers have been proposed based on recent advances in biochemistry and molecular biology. This review article summarizes potential peripheral biomarkers associated with ADHD, mainly from recently published case-control studies. These include 1) biochemical markers neurotransmitters and their receptors, neurotrophic factors, serum electrolytes, and inflammation markers; 2) genetic and epigenetic markers microRNA, mRNA expression, and peripheral DNA methylation; 3) physiological markers eye movement and electroencephalography.