Kayfrench1364

Activation of astrocytes contributes to synaptic remodelling, tissue repair and neuronal survival following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The mechanisms by which these cells interact to resident/infiltrated inflammatory cells to rewire neuronal networks and repair brain functions remain poorly understood. Here, we explored how TLR4-induced astrocyte activation modified synapses and cerebrovascular integrity following TBI.

To determine how functional astrocyte alterations induced by activation of TLR4 pathway in inflammatory cells regulate synapses and neurovascular integrity after TBI, we used pharmacology, genetic approaches, live calcium imaging, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity assessment and molecular and behavioural methods.

Shortly after a TBI, there is a recruitment of excitable and reactive astrocytes mediated by TLR4 pathway activation with detrimental effects on post-synaptic density-95 (PSD-95)/vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) synaptic puncta, d that its inhibition prevents synaptic loss and BBB damage accelerating tissue recovery/repair, which might represent a therapeutic potential in CNS injuries and disorders.

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of deep brain anterior thalamus stimulation after 7 and 10years, and report the incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) and overall mortality in adults in the Stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus for Epilepsy (SANTÉ) study.

After the 3-month blinded and 9-month unblinded phases, subjects continued to be assessed during long-term follow-up (LTFU) and later a continued therapy access phase (CAP), to further characterize adverse events and the incidence of SUDEP. Stimulus parameter and medication changes were allowed.

One hundred ten implanted subjects accumulated a total of 938 device-years of experience (69 subjects during the LTFU phase and 61 subjects in the CAP phase). Prior to study closure, 57 active subjects continued therapy at 14 study centers, with follow-up of at least 10 (maximum 14) years. At 7years, median seizure frequency percent reduction from baseline was 75% (p<.001), with no outcome differences related to prior vagsystem for epilepsy are favorable and demonstrate stable outcomes. Improvement in frequency of the most severe seizure type may reduce SUDEP risk. The SUDEP rate with DBS (2.0) is comparable to other neuromodulation treatments (i.e., vagus nerve stimulation, responsive neurostimulation) for drug-resistant focal epilepsy.

Shared decision-making tools (SDMt) are visual tools developed to promote joint medical decisions between physicians and patients. There is a paucity of such tools in dermatology.

To develop and validate a SDMt for use in specialized consultation for vitiligo.

A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2019 to March 2020. We first conducted a qualitative study of topics discussed by patients and clinicians during therapeutic decision-making in the setting of a specialized consultation for vitiligo using an anchored-theory method, which allowed conceptualization of the SDMt. The usefulness of the SDMt was evaluated by a working group of multidisciplinary health workers and patients with vitiligo. Consensus on the final tool was obtained through an e-Delphi method.

We recruited 30 patients with vitiligo for the qualitative study, which identified 91 topics related to therapeutic decision-making. Hierarchical clustering analysis confirmed the distribution of these topics in two subgroups (general treatment goals and priorities, and topics specific to each treatment). The consensus of a multidisciplinary group was used to develop the SDMt. The tool was comprised of eight A5 cards, which addressed face repigmentation; body repigmentation (limited area); body repigmentation (extended area); partial or complete depigmentation; coping with the disease; stabilization of disease; maintaining repigmentation; and disease information. Cognitive interviews confirmed the satisfaction, readability and usefulness of the SDMt. The SDMt was then translated and culturally validated in English.

We developed a tool for shared decision-making in nonsegmental vitiligo, which we translated and cross-culturally validated in a US patient population with vitiligo to ensure its generalizability.

We developed a tool for shared decision-making in nonsegmental vitiligo, which we translated and cross-culturally validated in a US patient population with vitiligo to ensure its generalizability.The arrival of novel predators can trigger trophic cascades driven by shifts in prey numbers. Predators also elicit behavioral change in prey populations, via phenotypic plasticity and/or rapid evolution, and such changes may also contribute to trophic cascades. Here, we document rapid demographic and behavioral changes in populations of a prey species (grassland melomys Melomys burtoni, a granivorous rodent) following the introduction of a novel marsupial predator (northern quoll Dasyurus hallucatus). Within months of quolls appearing, populations of melomys exhibited reduced survival and population declines relative to control populations. Quoll-invaded populations were also significantly shyer than nearby, quoll-free populations of conspecifics. This rapid but generalized response to a novel threat was replaced over the following 2 yr with more threat-specific antipredator behaviors (i.e., predator-scent aversion). Predator-exposed populations, however, remained more neophobic than predator-free populations throughout the study. These behavioral responses manifested rapidly in changed rates of seed predation by melomys across treatments. Quoll-invaded melomys populations exhibited lower per-capita seed take rates, and rapidly developed an avoidance of seeds associated with quoll scent, with discrimination playing out over a spatial scale of tens of meters. Presumably the significant and novel predation pressure induced by quolls drove melomys populations to fine-tune behavioral responses to be more predator specific through time. These behavioral shifts could reflect individual plasticity (phenotypic flexibility) in behavior or may be adaptive shifts from natural selection imposed by quoll predation. selleck products Our study provides a rare insight into the rapid ecological and behavioral shifts enacted by prey to mitigate the impacts of a novel predator and shows that trophic cascades can be strongly influenced by behavioral as well as numerical responses.