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Since the first news of a coronavirus-related pneumonia outbreak in December 2019, the virus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which causes COVID-19, has spread worldwide, with more than 100 million people infected in over 210 countries and two million deaths. In the UK (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351), Brazil (P.1), and India (B.1.617), independent SARS-CoV-2 lineages have recently been established. The virus accesses these variants via the angiotensin- converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor due to several mutations in the immune-dominant spike protein. SARS-CoV-2 has caused substantial morbidity and mortality, as well as significant strain on public health systems and the global economy, due to the severity and intensity at which it has spread. COVID-19 vaccines have shown to be highly successful in clinical trials and can be used to fight the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic's environmental trends change at breakneck speed, making predictions based on traditional epidemiological knten, learn, improve, innovate, and evolve.

The positively charged membrane impermeant sulfonamides were evaluated as a remarkable class of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) previously. Without affecting the human carbonic anhydrase (hCA), cytosolic isoforms hCA I and II, inhibition of two membrane-associated isoforms hCA IX and XII especially overexpressed in hypoxic tumour cells, makes the pyridinium salt derivatives potent promising therapeutic agents.

A novel series of tri, tetra, and cyclo-substituted pyridinium salt derivatives of the lead compound 2- (hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-phenyl-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide has been prepared by using sixteen different pyrylium salts, for the search of selective inhibitors of transmembrane tumour-associated human carbonic anhydrase hCA IX and XII.

Molecular modeling studies were carried out to understand and rationalize the in vitro enzyme inhibition data.

Six of the new compounds showed good inhibitory profiles with low nanomolar range (< 100 nM) against hCA IX/XII, and compound 5 showed excellent potency with Ki values lower than 10 nM. In addition, molecular modelling studies have presented the possible binding modes of the ligands.

Most of the compounds displayed potent inhibitory activity against the tumor-associated hCA IX and XII in the low nanomolar range and selectivity over the off-targeted isoforms hCA I and II. Due to their cationic structure and membrane-impermeant behavior, it is also expected to maximize the selectivity over cytosolic isoforms hCA I/II while inhibiting tumor overexpressed isoforms hCA XI/XII of new compounds in in vivo conditions.

Most of the compounds displayed potent inhibitory activity against the tumor-associated hCA IX and XII in the low nanomolar range and selectivity over the off-targeted isoforms hCA I and II. Due to their cationic structure and membrane-impermeant behavior, it is also expected to maximize the selectivity over cytosolic isoforms hCA I/II while inhibiting tumor overexpressed isoforms hCA XI/XII of new compounds in in vivo conditions.

Medication errors are a reality in all settings where medicines are prescribed, dispensed, and used. High-alert medications (HAM) are those that bear a heightened risk of causing significant harm to the patient if used erroneously. Though mishaps with HAM may not be more common than with other drugs, the consequences of error with them can be especially serious. We conducted a survey on knowledge, attitude, and practice, among residents working in a teaching hospital to assess the ground situation regarding HAM awareness and handling.

We approached 492 residents among the approximately 600 currently working through purposive sampling. Residents in all disciplines (clinical, paraclinical, and preclinical) were targeted. A structured questionnaire with 54 questions, pilot-tested on 20 volunteer residents, was used for data collection. The questionnaire was administered to residents through face-to-face interviews by two raters while they were on duty, but not during rush hours.

Of the total 261 responses oving awareness regarding HAM for the sake of patient safety. The pharmacology department can take the lead in designing awareness campaigns with support from the hospital administration.

The reports on adverse experiences following vaccination are scanty from India. DDR1-IN-1 order It is important to know the real-world post-vaccination experience outside of clinical trial conditions.

The study aims to estimate the incidence of adverse events following immunization with the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccine and to identify the predictors for the development of vaccine adverse events.

A prospective observational study was conducted among health care workers who received the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 coronavirus vaccine. Study participants were monitored at the site for 30 min following vaccination and were followed up for 7 days after receiving the second dose, with a purpose-specific designed online surveillance form to enquire about any adverse events following vaccination. We used the Chi-squared test for categorical variables and multivariate regression analysis to identify predictors for the development of vaccine adverse effects.

Of 411 participants, the mean age was 30.77 ± 12.5 years and 76.2% were feistration.

60 years). Reactions to the second dose were lesser in intensity and frequency. Younger age, history of allergy, and comorbidities, particularly asthma, were found to be major predictors for the development of adverse events and require more watchful vaccine administration.Significant advancement in the preparation of fascinating fluoroorganics is highly desirable in view of their limited natural occurrence and ever-increasing applications in medicinal and material sciences. Ionic liquids act as the most promising green media for a variety of nucleophilic and electrophilic fluorinations in terms of chemoselectivity, reaction yields, reusability, operational simplicity and scalability. The use of these designer solvents in stimulating the electrified synthesis of fluorinated compounds is also appreciable due to their tuneable electrochemical characteristics. Recent innovations in fluorination techniques depict the substantial role of ionic liquids in fluorotransformations such as the use of tagged ionic liquids in nucleophilic fluorinations, ionic liquid assisted biological fluorination, enantioselective fluorinations using chiral electrophilic reagents along with ionic liquid media, use of task-specific ionic liquids with mediators in electrochemical fluorinations and ionic liquid promoted electrifying synthesis of medicinally important fluorinated heteroaromatics and radiopharmaceuticals.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known for Warburg effect and defects in the mitochondria. AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) activates the downstream transcription factors PGC-1α, PGC-1β, or FOXO1, which participate in mitochondrial biogenesis. 5- aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) is an analog of adenosine monophosphate and is a direct activator of AMPK.

In the present study, we have made an attempt to understand the influence of AICAR on TNBC cells, MDA-MB-231, and the underlying changes in mitochondrial biogenesis, if any.

We investigated AICAR induced changes in cell viability, apoptosis, migratory potential, and changes in the sensitivity of doxorubicin.

In response to the treatment of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with 750 μM of AICAR for 72 hours, followed by 48 hours in fresh media without AICAR, we observed a decrease in viability via MTT assay, reduction in cell numbers along with the apoptotic appearance, increased cell death by ELISA, decreased lactate in conditioned medium and decrease in migration by scratch and transwell migration assays. These changes in the cancer phenotype were accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial biogenesis, as observed by increased mitochondrial DNA to nuclear DNA ratio, a decrease in lactic acid concentration, an increase in MitoTracker green and red staining, and increased expression of transcription factors PGC-1α, NRF-1, NRF-2, and TFAM, contributing to mitochondrial biogenesis. Pre-treatment of cells with AICAR for 72 hours followed by 48 hours treatment with 1 μM doxorubicin showed an increased sensitivity to doxorubicin as assessed by the MTT assay.

Our results show that AICAR exerts beneficial effects on TNBC cells, possibly via switching off the Warburg effect and switching on the anti-Warburg effect through mitochondrial modulation.

Our results show that AICAR exerts beneficial effects on TNBC cells, possibly via switching off the Warburg effect and switching on the anti-Warburg effect through mitochondrial modulation.

In the wake of the warning by WHO that the prevalence of dementia may have a rise of 125% in the Middle East by 2050, identification of the genetic risk factors in Arab populations is urgent.

To investigate the association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in apolipoprotein E (ApoE), clusterin (CLU), tumor necrotic factor- α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) genes, with risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Saudi Arabian participants.

A total of 42 Saudi AD patients and 23 age-matched control participants were genotyped for eight SNPs rs429358, rs7412 (ApoE); rs11136000, rs1532278(CLU); rs1800629, rs1799724(TNF-α) and rs1800796, rs1800795(IL-6), by RT-PCR using the TaqMan assay. Serum concentrations of amyloid beta peptide 1-40(Aβ1-40), amyloid beta peptide 1-42(Aβ1-42), CLU and some other biochemical markers were measured.

A significant increase (p=0.004) in the serum CLU level was detected in the AD group (340.4 ± 74.6) compared with control group (265.0 ± 80.9). For rs1532278 (CLU), genotype GA was significantly higher in AD patients (57.1%) than in the control participants (26.1%), [p=0.036, OR = 3.67, 95% CI (1.10-12.32)]. For rs429358 (ApoE), patients showed a significantly increased frequency of the TC genotype than controls [p = 0.008, OR = 17.5, 95% CI (2.10-145.78)]. AD patients with CC genotype for ApoE rs429358 had significantly lower levels of Aβ1-40 (p=0.04) in AD patients than controls. Carriers of genotype GG for rs1800629(TNF-α) showed significantly higher levels of serum IL-6 (p = 0.04) in AD patients.

Genetic variants in ApoE and CLU may influence susceptibility to AD among Saudi Arabian participants.

Genetic variants in ApoE and CLU may influence susceptibility to AD among Saudi Arabian participants.The recent COVID-19 pandemic has sparked great interest in strengthening the immune system, especially by the consumption of widely available natural dietary supplements. Because of this popularity, it was suggested that the sales of these products would grow significantly in the year 2021, especially for those who are unable or unwilling to receive COVID-19 vaccines. Among the many botanicals, Sambucus nigra L. (Elderberry) and Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench (Echinacea) have especially shown great popularity. Various in vivo and in vitro tests of S. nigra and E. purpurea extracts and constituents have confirmed the botanicals' influence on proinflammatory cytokines, viral infections, and flu symptoms, proving their immunomodulatory and antiviral effects. Although there have been promising results with S. nigra and E. purpurea containing supplements, thorough monitoring of the sanitary production, demand, and related side effects after consumption is required. Further research and development of the supplements in accordance with the pandemic are also advised.