Kamperpennington0179

The infrared spectra (IR) analysis in combination with electrospray ionization high-resolution orbitrap mass spectra (ESI-HRMS) can provide new insight into the overall structural feature and specific molecules of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In this study, the functional group signature of SOA produced from OH and O3 channel oxidation of α-pinene is characterized based on the IR and ESI-HRMS. The IR spectra of SOA from the OH channel show strong absorptions of hydrogen bonded OH groups and weak absorptions of CO groups, while the absorptions of CO are more abundant than OH in the O3 channel. A linear relationship between the ratio of functional group absorption area (SO-H/SC=O) and the group number ratio of nO-H/nC=O is obtained. The ratios of nO-H/nC=O in the O3 and H2O2 systems of SOA are estimated to be 0.60 and 3.91, respectively. The ESI-HRMS results show that organic acids are the major products in both the O3 and NO2 systems. In contrast to the O3 channel, alcohols are more abundant from the OH channel. The major compounds of SOA from the H2O2 system are confirmed to be formed by autoxidation of first generation RO2 radicals. The nO-H/nC=O ratio obtained by IR is in good agreement with that by MS. Thus, the ratio of nO-H/nC=O can be used to characterize SOA formation from different oxidation channels. In α-pinene-NO2 irradiations, the ratio of nO-H/nC=O is 0.83, which is quite close to that from the O3 system, but totally different from that in the H2O2 system. This strongly supports that the O3 channel plays a key role in the formation of SOA from the α-pinene-NO2 system. The similarity of both products and the nO-H/nC=O ratios between the α-pinene-O3 and α-pinene-NO2 systems strongly states that a stabilized Criegee intermediate (SCI) is a key factor controlling SOA formation.The extreme climate events such as El Nino seriously threaten crop production and agro-ecological sustainability because of the aggravated environmental stresses worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of dual plastic film and straw mulching in ridge-furrow (RF) system on wheat productivity, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in a semiarid area in Kenya from 2015 to 2017. The experimental site represents a typical semiarid continental monsoon climate, and soil type is chromic vertisols. Field experiment with randomized block design consisted of six RF treatments as follows 1) dual black plastic film and straw mulching (RFbS), 2) dual transparent plastic film and straw mulching (RFtS), 3) sole black plastic film mulching (RFb), 4) sole transparent plastic mulching RF (RFt), 5) sole straw mulching (RFS) and 6) no mulching (CK). The results indicated that seasonal dynamics of rainfall and air temperature fit in with the weather type of El Nino over four growing seasons. RFbS, RFtS, RFb and RFt significantly increased soil water storage (SWS), topsoil temperature, aboveground biomass, grain yield and water use efficiency across four growing seasons (p less then 0.05) as compared with CK. Among all the treatments, RFbS and RFtS achieved the greatest SWS, AgB, grain yield and WUE, owing to improved soil hydro-thermal status in both treatments. Critically, RFbS and RFtS significantly improved soil organic carbon and total nitrogen, soil bulk density and the CN ratio following four growing seasons, comparing with other treatments (p less then 0.05). Besides, RFbS and RFtS gave the highest economic returns among all treatments. For the first time, we found that dual plastic film and straw mulching could serve as a sustainable land management to boost wheat productivity and improve soil quality under El Nino in semiarid areas of SSA.Climatological research over the past two decades makes it clear that the Earth's climate will change. Climate change has many, mostly adverse, effects on the human health. Environmental anthropogenic changes represent significant health risks including factors that may increase probability and seriousness of skin cancer diseases. There are many scientific studies on skin cancer but only a few of them are focused on environment changes and their influence on the behaviour of humans, which may lead to skin cancer. The goal of the research was to analyse environment changes in the city of Brno (Czech Republic) and their influence on the behaviour of people and some skin diseases. A research hypothesis was set up that total increase in the incidence of skin diseases would be monitored. 1757 patients aged 25-65 years participated in the research. The analysis was performed based on measured (mean annual temperatures, average monthly temperatures, ultraviolet index values, and numbers of sunny days and sunny hours) data in 2011-2019. In order to monitor the trend, temperature data from 1961 to 2019 were evaluated too. The analysed data indicate that the trend of average monthly and annual temperatures observed was increasing in recent years. Moreover, based on data obtained from the analysed doctor's office it was found out that the incidence of skin diseases increased in the studied period. The main reasons to increase include excessive exposure to sun, extended average age of the population, ozone layer depletion, climatic and weather changes, increased migration and behaviour of people.The clogging of drippers due to the development of biofilms reduces the benefits and is an obstacle to the implementation of drip irrigation technology in a reclaimed water context. The narrow section and labyrinth geometry of the dripper channel results the development of a heterogeneous flow behaviours with the vortex zones which it enhance the fouling mechanisms. Carfilzomib in vitro The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of the three dripper types, defined by their geometric and hydraulic parameters, fed with reclaimed wastewater, on the biofouling kinetics and the bacterial communities. Using optical coherence tomography, we demonstrated that the inlet of the drippers (mainly the first baffle) and vortex zones are the most sensitive area for biofouling. Drippers with the lowest Reynolds number and average cross-section velocity v (1 l·h-1) were the most sensible to biofouling, even if detachment events seemed more frequent in this dripper type. Therefore, dripper flow path with larger v should be consider to improve the anti-clogging performance.