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The actual cost-effectiveness investigation involving laparoscopic hepatectomy compared with open liver resection in early point regarding hepatocellular carcinoma: a new decision-analysis model in Bangkok.

Effect of Feasible Weakening of bones about Parenchymal-Type Hemorrhagic Change for better inside People together with Cardioembolic Cerebrovascular accident.

The Belmont Report addresses the distinction between practice and research as guidance for which activities should be evaluated prospectively by a research ethics committee. link= CX5461 This essay argues that the distinction between clinical practice and clinical research has a more fundamental significance for understanding the ethics of clinical research. After discussing the important connections between clinical research and clinical practice, the essay examines in detail ethically significant differences between these two sorts of activities. This sets the stage for a critique of clinical equipoise, widely regarded as a fundamental principle of clinical research ethics.This paper traces the reception of the Belmont Report in Europe and its influence on the development of European research ethics thinking and European research ethics systems. It is very difficult to trace a clear, linear reception history because it is difficult to disentangle the influence of the Report from the influence of concurrent developments, such as the 1975 revision of the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki and the requirement for research ethics review in the Vancouver Group's 1978 "Uniform Requirements for Manuscript Submission." The Report's insistence that the focus of research ethics should be the rights and interests of the individual research subject, and the use of an ethical framework and not ethical theory as the basis of analysis and justification of recommendations, were nevertheless very important for the development of research ethics. The divergence between Europe and the US in the governance of non-biomedical research can at least partly be explained by the absence of strong drivers for the introduction of research ethics committees outside of biomedicine in Europe, and by the ability of non-biomedical researchers to mobilize effectively against the introduction of such committees.The Belmont Report has provided a useful and virtually universal framework for protecting human subjects from research abuses. CX5461 However, it provides little to no guidance on the substance of human research. In an environment where major decisions concerning health-care access, funding, and regulation hinge on human research, this omission leaves downstream users of human research virtually unprotected and with few tools or frameworks to protect against a variety of practices that compromise the social value of human research. This essay advocates for the addition of a fourth principle to the Belmont three "scientific integrity." Such a principle would seek to train human research on important social objectives while maximizing the accessibility, credibility, and generalizability of findings.This article describes the origins and drafting of the Belmont Report by members of the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research.Given its outsized influence as a core document in bioethics, it is worth reminding ourselves of the historical context in which the Belmont Report came to be. link2 This article examines the societal forces that helped bring about the Belmont Report and that shaped its conception of ethical research. A product of a public investigation that included many nonscientists and espoused philosophical principles, the Report internalized a growing call in the late 1960s for oversight over the research enterprise, which had long been the private realm of physician-investigators. Belmont helped bring about a regulatory and oversight apparatus to the research enterprise, as well as a language and discipline of bioethics that added a multidisciplinary set of voices and decision-makers to discussions of what constitutes ethical research. Because it reflected the spirit of protectionism engendered by events of the 1960s and 1970s, Belmont also helped emphasize the importance of informed consent and the protection of vulnerable populations. But because the Report was a product of its time, contingent on historical developments and highly publicized events, it is not necessarily responsive to new factors that now condition the research enterprise.

Community advisory boards (CABs) are a common community engagement strategy. Tools for developing CABs that are accessible to academic-community partnerships are limited. This article describes the process and partnership with the Hopi Tribe to develop CAB guidelines as a tool for research funded by the Center for Indigenous Environmental Health Research (CIEHR) and nonaffiliated projects.

The CAB guidelines consist of three sections formation, operation, and sustainability and evaluation. Each section includes best practices and interactive worksheets. The CAB guidelines were piloted with the Hopi Tribe to determine feasibility and relevance.

The CAB guidelines were well-received by the tribal CAB. Some of the worksheets were difficult to complete because they did not represent their perspectives or introduced potential tension in CAB interactions. Revisions were made accordingly.

Future evaluation and broad dissemination of the CAB guidelines will promote the use and effectiveness of CABs in health research.

Future evaluation and broad dissemination of the CAB guidelines will promote the use and effectiveness of CABs in health research.

Education is a key social determinant of health. The federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) purportedly affords children the right to a free and appropriate education. link3 Yet, racial, ethnic, and economic disparities exist regarding appropriate identification and classification of children with needs for special education, and access to services.

This article first highlights gaps and disparities in special educational services, and their structural linkage to poverty. The second section describe the first years of a medical-legal collaboration between a University Center of Excellence in Developmental Disabilities (UCEDD) and Fordham University, focused on special education.

The collaboration's interdisciplinary training activities increased practical knowledge for law students and UCEDD clinicians. A legal clinic for UCEDD families enabled Fordham students to apply their skills.

Because social determinants of health often lie beyond the medical domain, interdisciplinary collaborations are needed to remediate them.

Because social determinants of health often lie beyond the medical domain, interdisciplinary collaborations are needed to remediate them.

Concept mapping builds on other qualitative methods widely used in community-engaged research and community-based participatory research (CBPR) approaches by adding intentional participatory elements to engage stakeholders and increased data collection structure via built-in quantitative elements.

This article presents examples of community-based studies using concept mapping to illustrate how public health researchers can use this method to incorporate participatory elements in projects that vary by research objective and degrees of community engagement.

Drawing from our previous experience, we present four participatory concept mapping projects. link2 These illustrative research examples focus on projects developed by academic-community partnerships, including a hospital-based community needs assessment, the creation of a domestic violence research agenda, the study of trust in community-academic partnerships, and the development of strategies to address breast cancer through a county-level collaborative.

ual representations and action-oriented results that promote the ability of stakeholders to have increased ownership in the improvement of health outcomes in their communities.

Community-engaged research (CEnR) is an approach to conducting research that actively involves both academic and community partners. Yet many academic researchers have limited knowledge of emerging science and processes for effectively engaging communities and community members are often subjects of research with limited knowledge and participation in the development and implementation of research.

The purpose of this article is to explore two CEnR research training programs, both funded by National Institutes of Health (NIH), for the explicit purpose of facilitating translational science. South Carolina developed the initial program that served as a model for the Delaware program.

Information is presented about how these two programs recruit, develop, and support academic and community partnerships, as well as how each uses mentorship, funding, and structured training programs for successful CEnR with an emphasis on community-based participatory research (CBPR). The development of each program, the funparation, and support to those interested in CEnR.

Culture-specific interventions based on storytelling can address the social and cultural context of HIV that is unique to Southern African American women.

We describe a community-engaged process to construct scripted stories to promote HIV prevention based on cultural narratives from African American women living with HIV. CX5461 Our process involved (1) the collection of cultural narratives, (2) establishment of a community advisory board (CAB), (3) identification of important intervention themes, (4) narrative analysis to identify stories, and (5) script writing/peer review to produce composite narrative HIV prevention messages.

Engaging community members is a strength; however, outreach should be strategic to individuals interested in a script writing creative process. This process is an adaptation of widely accepted methods to produce stories that incorporate culture organically in ways that allow for greater identification and engagement by the target audience.

Authentic stories harvested and produced from and for a culture-specific population is a critical consideration for narrative health promotion.

Authentic stories harvested and produced from and for a culture-specific population is a critical consideration for narrative health promotion.

The Flint Women's Study is a large community-based participatory qualitative study designed to create and inform community initiatives to serve Flint-area women by exploring their needs, challenges, hopes, dreams, assets, and thoughts about solutions. This article describes the study goals, processes, and lessons learned.

We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with 100 Flint-area women or human service providers serving area women. link3 Participants represented diverse professional backgrounds, life experiences, ages, races, and ethnicities. Community members participated in developing the qualitative interview guide, participant recruitment, qualitative coding, analysis, publication, and creation of initiatives based on results.

Partnering in discovery and in identifying solutions provides a strong foundation for building trust and mutual capacity. The coding experience helped community partners to hone marketable qualitative research skills, which can elevate community's voice in research.

Efforts to benefit women should ensure their representation in every step of the process.

Efforts to benefit women should ensure their representation in every step of the process.

Faith-based communities supporting diverse and underserved communities are increasingly being recognized by health researchers as valued partners for research engagement. Although the "why engage" is clearly documented, the how and lessons learned is less well evidenced.

This article describes community-academic collaboration initiated by African American faith-based church leaders to foster equitable partnership, engagement and shared decision making in patient-centered health research initiatives.

A phased process of relationship and capacity building was used to found and operationalize a mixed stakeholder community advisory board (CAB). Core phases presented in this article are (1) pre-CAB capacity building, (2) developing the CAB vision and mission, (3) extending CAB capacity, and (4) sustaining CAB capacity.

Collaborative governance and shared goal setting delivers research engagement which supports the data needs and aspirations of faith-based communities.

Faith-based communities have the capacity to design and deliver community appropriate governance for research engagement.