Juulharboe3332

The absence of syntactic constraints on linguistic composition might highlight individual differences in cognitive control, which helps to integrate non-syntactic information.Age-related hearing loss affects hearing at high frequencies and is associated with difficulties in understanding speech. Increased audio-visual integration has recently been found in age-related hearing impairment, the brain mechanisms that contribute to this effect are however unclear. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging in elderly subjects with normal hearing and mild to moderate uncompensated hearing loss. Audio-visual integration was studied using the McGurk task. In this task, an illusionary fused percept can occur if incongruent auditory and visual syllables are presented. The paradigm included unisensory stimuli (auditory only, visual only), congruent audio-visual and incongruent (McGurk) audio-visual stimuli. An illusionary precept was reported in over 60% of incongruent trials. These McGurk illusion rates were equal in both groups of elderly subjects and correlated positively with speech-in-noise perception and daily listening effort. Normal-hearing participants showed an increased neural response in left pre- and postcentral gyri and right middle frontal gyrus for incongruent stimuli (McGurk) compared to congruent audio-visual stimuli. Activation patterns were however not different between groups. Task-modulated functional connectivity differed between groups showing increased connectivity from auditory cortex to visual, parietal and frontal areas in hard of hearing participants as compared to normal-hearing participants when comparing incongruent stimuli (McGurk) with congruent audio-visual stimuli. These results suggest that changes in functional connectivity of auditory cortex rather than activation strength during processing of audio-visual McGurk stimuli accompany age-related hearing loss.In the current preregistered fMRI study, we investigated the relationship between religiosity and behavioral and neural mechanisms of conflict processing, as a conceptual replication of the study by Inzlicht et al., (2009). Participants (N=193) performed a gender-Stroop task and afterwards completed standardized measures to assess their religiosity. As expected, the task induced cognitive conflict at the behavioral level and at a neural level this was reflected in increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, individual differences in religiosity were not related to performance on the Stroop task as measured in accuracy and interference effects, nor to neural markers of response conflict (correct responses vs. errors) or informational conflict (congruent vs. incongruent stimuli). Overall, we obtained moderate to strong evidence in favor of the null hypotheses that religiosity is unrelated to cognitive conflict sensitivity. We discuss the implications for the neuroscience of religion and emphasize the importance of designing studies that more directly implicate religious concepts and behaviors in an ecologically valid manner.Purpose To test the psychometric properties of a newly developed Mandarin Clinical Evaluation of Language for Preschooler's Core Scale (MCELP-CS). Methods Data were collected from 379 preschool-aged participants, including 81 children with language disorders associated with clinical conditions. The 155-item MCELP-CS consists of five subscales vocabulary comprehension (VC), sentence comprehension (SC), vocabulary naming (VN), sentence structure imitation (SSI), and story narration (SN). The scale was used to measure the receptive and expressive language abilities of children aged 3-5 years and 11 months. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-revised (PPVT-R) was used to measure the receptive vocabulary abilities among the children (n = 338). The internal consistency, test-retest reliability, structural validity, convergent validity, and diagnostic accuracy were used to evaluate the scale. Differences between age groups were also examined using analysis of variance. Results The MCELP-CS had high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. Fitting indices of the two-factor model from confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), including χ2, CFI, TLI, RSEAM, and SRMR, suggested that the model is consistent with the theoretical structure. Significant correlations between the MCELP-CS and PPVT-R showed a high convergent validity. In addition, the scale indicated good diagnostic accuracy in differentiating the language disorders of children with autism, cerebral palsy (CP), and hearing impairment (HI). Conclusions The MCELP-CS is a reliable and valid diagnostic tool for language disorders of Mandarin-speaking preschool children with autism, CP, and HI. It is appropriate to collect normative data for the MCELP-CS with a large sample population of preschool children.Old landfill leachate can be characterized by high ammonia nitrogen concentrations and limited biodegradable carbon availability. A promising and cost-effective option for ammonia nitrogen removal involves ex situ nitrification and in situ denitrification. EGFR inhibitor This study aimed to investigate the denitrification capacity of old MSW in six landfill bioreactors with very low COD/NO3--N mass ratios that ranged between 0.12 and 3.99 g/g. In particular, this study is novel in that it tested COD/NO3--N mass ratios lower than previous studies. The experiment lasted 83 days. The results showed that denitrification occurred in all bioreactors and even at considerably low concentrations of biodegradable organic matter (BOD5 ≤ 9 mg O2/L). In all but one case, when nitrate removal stopped at 55% due to the absence of leachate recirculation, nitrate removal was higher than 95%. The average nitrate removal rates (ANRRs), calculated under significantly different conditions, ranged from 33 to 135 mg NO3--N/L/d. The initial COD concentration and COD/NO3--N ratio did not appear to affect the ANRRs, which were influenced by the initial nitrate concentration and leachate recirculation. The maximum ANRR (135 mg NO3--N/L/d) was measured with the highest initial nitrate concentration (4491 mg NO3--N/L) and the lowest COD/NO3--N mass ratio (0.12 g COD/g NO3--N). The lowest ANRR (33 mg NO3--N/L/d) was calculated for a bioreactor with no leachate recirculation. Sulphate production observed in some bioreactors may suggest that, together with the heterotrophic pathway, autotrophic denitrification contributed to the removal of nitrate, especially in bioreactors with low COD/NO3--N mass ratio.