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Euphorbia helioscopia L. which is called "Zeqi" in China, is a medicinal plant extensively distributed worldwide, especially in China, and has been widely used for decades to treat various diseases including edema, phlegm and cough, malaria, dysentery, scab, tuberculous fistula, osteomyelitis, and cancer. The present review aims to provide up-to-date information on E. helioscopia, including its traditional uses, phytochemistry, quality control, pharmacological research, toxicology, and human studies in exploring future scientific and therapeutic potentials in disease treatment. So far, a total of 173 terpenoids, as well as polyphenols, steroids, lipids, and volatile oils have been isolated and identified from E. helioscopia. Among them, diterpenoids and flavonoids are the most important and abundant bioactive constituents. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that E. helioscopia has outstanding bioactivities especially on antiproliferative and multidrug resistance modulating. Nevertheless, most of these studies were carried out in vitro. The quality control, metabolites identification, in-depth in-vivo studies as well as toxicology and human studies for the crude extracts and active components are still very limited. Consequently, more well-designed pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to justify their reported therapeutic potential.
Neonatal screening programs have been established and are in use in most countries worldwide. Laos belongs to the few countries which still have not established any kind of newborn screening.
Basis for the current screening was an initial pilot project between 2008 and 2010. Then 11.362 samples of newborn infants were screened, samples were weekly air-shipped to a German screening laboratory. During the current project TSH-measurements take place at the laboratory of the largest delivery hospital in Laos, the Mother & Newborn Hospital in Vientiane.
Teaching regarding taking samples and doing measurements started in January 2019, until end of July 2020 altogether 3214 samples were measured. None of the samples was above the predefined cutoff of 20μU/l.
Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism with measurements of samples within Laos is feasible. Plausibility control is achieved by regular checks of screening results sent by email to Germany. The most challenging task is to cover all newborns born at participating hospitals and finally to expand the screening beyond the capital to other areas in the country.
Newborn screening for congenital hypothyroidism with measurements of samples within Laos is feasible. Plausibility control is achieved by regular checks of screening results sent by email to Germany. The most challenging task is to cover all newborns born at participating hospitals and finally to expand the screening beyond the capital to other areas in the country.
Population-based cancer registries strive to cover all cancer cases diagnosed within the population, but some cases will always be missed and no register is 100 % complete. Many cancer registries use death certificates to identify additional cases not captured through other routine sources, to hopefully add a large proportion of the missed cases. Cases notified through this route, who would not have been captured without death certificate information, are referred to as Death Certificate Initiated (DCI) cases. Inclusion of DCI cases in cancer registries increases completeness and is important for estimating cancer incidence. However, inclusion of DCI cases will generally lead to biased estimates of cancer survival, but the same is often also true if excluding DCI cases. Missed cases are probably not a random sample of all cancer cases, but rather cases with poor prognosis. read more Further, DCI cases have poorer prognosis than missed cases in general, since they have all died with cancer mentioned on the death certificates.
We performed a simulation study to estimate the impact of including or excluding DCI cases on cancer survival estimates, under different scenarios.
We demonstrated that including DCI cases underestimates survival. The exclusion of DCI cases gives unbiased survival estimates if missed cases are a random sample of all cancer cases, while survival is overestimated if these have poorer prognosis.
In our most extreme scenarios, with 25 % of cases initially missed, the usual practice of including DCI cases underestimated 5-year survival by at most 3 percentage points.
In our most extreme scenarios, with 25 % of cases initially missed, the usual practice of including DCI cases underestimated 5-year survival by at most 3 percentage points.The fabrication of interpenetrated heterostructures from desirable energy materials for the development of efficient supercapacitors is promising yet challenging. Herein, a leaf-shaped cobalt phosphide/cobalt oxide heterostructure, (CoPx)1-y/CoOy (0.44 > y > 0.06), was synthesized from 2D-zeolitic-imidazolate-framework (ZIF-Co-L) molecular precursor via phosphidation of the Co3O4 intermediate. The efficient construction of heterostructure through the variation of surface/bulk composition significantly alters the interfacial properties and electronic structure, yielding enhanced supercapacitor performance. Further, gas-phase phosphidation entails a core-shell formation mechanism via gas diffusion, regulated by the Kirkendall effect. The optimized heterostructure (y = 0.10) exhibits remarkable interfacial properties derived from the CoO/Co0/CoP interface, thus facilitating a high specific capacitance (467 F g-1 at 5 A g-1) and excellent cycling stability (~91% after 10000 cycles) at 30 A g-1. A further increase in the cyclability (~107%) was achieved by employing a graphene hybrid. Further, an asymmetric supercapacitor device was fabricated, that delivers reasonably high energy density of 12.7 Wh kg-1 at a power density of 370 W kg-1 and cycling stability of ~93% after 10000 cycles. This study reports on the modulation of interfacial properties of CoPx/CoO heterostructure to enhance energy storage performance via bulk/surface compositional variation, thereby providing a strategy to develop heterostructure electrodes for high-performance supercapacitor.
