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6 mg/L was the lowest dose resulting in nitrification inhibition. Fast recovery of COD removal and nitrification was observed when direct addition of H2O2 and PAA solution ended. Cell viability measurements revealed that the negative impact on nitrification was predominantly attributed to enzyme inhibition rather than to loss of cell viability. The impact on nitrification was not related to intracellular ROS levels. Microbiome analysis showed major shifts in community composition during the long-term addition of H2O2 and even more with PAA addition. No significant time-trend change in the relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria or nitrite-oxidizing bacteria was observed, further supporting the conclusion that the negative impact on nitrification was attributed mainly to enzyme inhibition.The inhibition of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process, caused by long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), has been considered as an important issue in the wastewater treatment sector. Proper understanding of mechanisms behind the inhibition is a must for further improvements of the AD process in the presence of LCFAs. Through analyzing recent literature, this review extensively describes the mechanism of LCFAs degradation, during AD. Further, a particular focus was directed to the key parameters which could affect such process. Semagacestat ic50 Besides, this review highlights the recent research efforts in mitigating LCFAs-caused inhibition, through the addition of commonly used additives such as cations and natural adsorbents. Specifically, additives such as bentonite, cation-based adsorbents, as well as zeolite and other natural adsorbents for alleviating the LCFAs-induced inhibition are discussed in detail. Further, panoramic evaluations for characteristics, various mechanisms of reaction, merits, limits, recommended doses, and preferred conditions for each of the different additives are provided. Moreover, the potential for increasing the methane production via pretreatment using those additives are discussed. Finally, we provide future horizons for the alternative materials that can be utilized, more efficiently, for both mitigating LCFAs-based inhibition and boosting methane potential in the subsequent digestion of LCFA-related wastes.Copper-based Fenton disinfection system (Cu(II)/H2O2) is an emerging advanced oxidation process (AOP). Previous works have used reducing agents and organic ligands to improve the disinfection efficiency of Cu(II)/H2O2 system. Here, we report visible light/Cu(II)/H2O2 system showed enhanced disinfection compared to Cu(II)/H2O2 system, without the need of reducing chemical agent or organic ligand. Energy-efficient LED array was used as a visible light source in the visible light/Cu(II)/H2O2 system. Under the optimized condition, pseudo-first-order inactivation rate constant (kobs) of E. coli by visible light/Cu(II)/H2O2 (0.613 ± 0.005 min-1) was about ~8 times greater than Cu(II)/H2O2 (0.08 ± 0.011 min-1). Scanning electron microscopy and Baclight Live/Dead assay proved enhanced cell membrane damage by visible light/Cu (II)/H2O2 in comparison with Cu(II)/H2O2. Based on the bovine serum albumin (BSA) degradation and OH˙ radical measurement by visible light/Cu(II)/H2O2, a ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) mechanism by Cu(II)-bacterial complex is proposed for enhanced disinfection. Electrical energy efficiency (E E,1) for a log reduction of E. coli and the total treatment cost of visible light/Cu(II)/H2O2 was determined to be 32.64 KWh/m3 and 350 ₹/m3 (3.9 €/m3 or 4.74 $/m3), respectively, indicating its cost-effectiveness. Disinfection efficiency by sunlight/Cu(II)/H2O2 system (solar irradiance; 746 ± 138 W/m2) was almost comparable to LED-based visible light/Cu(II)/H2O2 system, with total treatment cost estimated to be 80 ₹/m3 (0.9 €/m3 or 1.1 $/m3).

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the preventive effect of medicinal herbal extract (MHE) and gelatin sponge on alveolar osteitis (AO) in an experimental rat model.

Twenty-one Sprague-Dawley male rats with a mean age of 12 weeks were used. After extraction of the maxillary right first molar, an AO model was created for each animal. The animals were randomly separated to three equal groups. Group I served as a control, Group II was subjected to an intra-alveolar MHE application, and gelatin sponge was left in the sockets of Group III. On the 7th post-extraction day, the animals were sacrificed. The specimens were analyzed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), histopathologically and immunohistochemically.

Macroscopic evaluation revealed mild to intense signs of AO in all groups, but the difference was not significant (p < 0.05). Micro-CT analysis showed that bone formation was the highest in Group III (bone volume/total volume; 10.63 ± 4.9 %), whereas bone mineral density was the highest in Group I (2.05 ± 0.2 g/cm

). The difference was not significant (p > 0.05). In Group III, only 16.7 % of specimens showed no signal of inflammatory response (p < 0.01). The difference was not significant between the positive labeling for receptor activator of nuclear kappa-β (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear kappa-β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin and osteopontin, but the intensity of Groups II and III was higher than the Group I for osteopontin (p < 0.01).

MHE and gelatin sponge were not effective enough to prevent alveolar osteitis, but positive results were obtained in bone healing.

MHE and gelatin sponge were not effective enough to prevent alveolar osteitis, but positive results were obtained in bone healing.

To evaluate the effects of combination of treatments with fluoridated toothpastes supplemented with sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (MI Paste Plus®), on the remineralization of dental enamel.

Enamel blocks with artificial caries were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 12), according to the toothpastes 1) without F-TMP-MI Paste Plus® (Placebo); 2) 1100 ppm F (1100 F), 3) MI Paste Plus®, 4) 1100 F + MI Paste Plus® (1100 F-MI Paste Plus®), 5) 1100 F + 3% TMP (1100 F-TMP) and 6) 1100 F-TMP + MI Paste Plus® (1100 F-TMP-MI Paste Plus®). Blocks were treated 2×/day with slurries of toothpastes (1 min). Furthermore, groups 4 and 6 received the application of MI Paste Plus® for 3 min. After pH cycling, the percentage of surface hardness recovery (%SHR); integrated loss of subsurface hardness (ΔKHN); profile analysis and lesion depth subsurface through polarized light microscopy (PLM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (LSCM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fluoride (F), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) concentrations in the enamel were determined.