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d by the modified SGA tool. The following are risk factors of malnutrition among patients with COVID 19 age, CAP, and HAP. Nutritional support and management of comorbidities are of paramount importance in the care of patients with COVID 19.

This study assessed whether caffeine mouth rinsing affects 10-km run performance and vertical jump in recreational runners.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study was conducted. Ten well-trained volunteers performed two trials, following caffeine or placebo mouth rinse, separated by seven days. Immediately before the 10-km run, a 10-second mouth rinse with either 300mg of caffeine (1.2%) or microcrystalline cellulose (placebo) diluted in 25mL of water was performed. Pre- and post-exercise, participants performed a vertical jump test. A Garmin Forerunner® GPS, was used to measure 10-km running time and an 11-point Borg scale was used post-exercise to measure ratings of perceived exertion. Blood samples were also collected during the visit in the laboratory in the afternoon period to classify individuals according to their CYP1A2 genotype. Vertical jump performance was evaluated using a force plate.

Nine runners (90%) were CC homozygotes and one (10%) was an AC heterozygote for CYP1A2. There was no difference in 10-km time-trial performance (Placebo 47.07±5.18 vs. CAF 47.45±6.34min, p=0.89), ratings of perceived exertion (Placebo 17±1 vs. CAF 16±2, p=0.34) or vertical jump power (Placebo, Pre 4.5±0.6W•kg-1 and Post 4.5±0.7W•kg-1; CAF Pre 4.4±0.7W•kg-1 and Post 4.4±0.8W•kg-1, d=0.21, p=0.66) between trials.

Acute caffeine mouth rinsing (1.2%) did not improve 10-km performance and showed similar null effects on vertical jump performance in CYP1A2 C-allele carriers.

Acute caffeine mouth rinsing (1.2%) did not improve 10-km performance and showed similar null effects on vertical jump performance in CYP1A2 C-allele carriers.

The relationship between obesity, weight loss, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is poorly recognized and understood.

Through an emphasis on current studies, in this viewpoint, we provide further scientific and medical considerations on the relationship between weight loss and the management of HDL-C levels.

Long-term adherence to a low-calorie diet is a determinant of weight loss, with weight loss and/or normal weight being important clinical conditions to lower risk for the development of cardiometabolic dysregulations and cardiovascular diseases. These benefits appear to be independent of variations in serum lipids and lipoproteins. Indeed, there is a paradoxical link between weight loss and HDL-C levels, which can result in both increases and reductions in the concentrations of this recognized biomarker of cardiovascular health.

Care should be exercised in order to avoid overvalued clinical recommendations in the management of HDL-C levels. Further hesitation is needed for health practitioners as well as skepticism surrounding science.

Care should be exercised in order to avoid overvalued clinical recommendations in the management of HDL-C levels. Further hesitation is needed for health practitioners as well as skepticism surrounding science.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is closely associated with obesity. Weight loss ameliorates OSA and its associated metabolic disorders. A high protein intake may improve weight loss through increased energy expenditure, and fat-free mass maintenance during weight loss.

To evaluate the effects of a low-energy, high-protein diet on OSA severity and metabolic parameters in obese men.

Forty-five OSA obese (BMI≥30kg/m

) males were included in this randomized study and submitted to nocturnal polysomnography, body composition measured by plethysmography, biochemical analyses of blood glucose, insulin and lipids, and food intake evaluations before and after one month of a low-energy diet. Diets were designed to create a 30% deficit in total energy expenditure with 1.6g of protein/kg/day (High Protein group - HP) or 0.8g of protein/kg/day (Low Protein group - LP).

Only a time effect of the intervention was observed in body mass (-3.7±2.0% for the LP group and-4.0±1.5% for the HP group; p<0.001), Body Mass Inperiod of low-energy diet had no further beneficial effects on OSA severity or biochemical parameters than a standard protein diet. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT01985035.

Dietary minerals have significant effects on the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the results of previous studies were not uniform across different countries. The current study aims to determine the causal effects of dietary calcium, zinc, and iron intakes on coronary artery disease (CAD) among Nepalese men.

A matched case-control study was carried out at Shahid Gangalal National Heart Center. Dietary intakes of 466 male participants over the past 12 months were evaluated using a semi-quantitative customized food frequency questionnaire. G-estimation and inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) analyses were performed to determine the causal odds of CAD due to dietary calcium, zinc, and iron intakes.

Daily dietary calcium, zinc, and iron intakes were categorized into two groups less than versus more than the median value and less than versus equal or more than recommended daily allowance (RDA). In G-estimation, dietary calcium intake was inversely associated with CAD in both medians (OR 91tudies with a large sample size are recommended to substantiate these nutrients' causal link with CAD development in the Nepalese population.

A significant inverse association of dietary zinc intake above RDA indicates the potential protective effect of higher dietary zinc against CAD. However, causal odds of CAD are inconsistent across the median or RDA of calcium and iron intakes. Therefore, cohort and randomized clinical trial studies with a large sample size are recommended to substantiate these nutrients' causal link with CAD development in the Nepalese population.

Monitoring consumer's satisfaction is important in ensuring effective foodservice improvements and to provide a patient-centred foodservice experience. The aim of this study is to systematically review available patient foodservice satisfaction survey instruments developed and validated within the acute and long-term care settings.

A literature search of four scientific databases was performed to identify relevant studies with 50 participants or greater. selleck chemicals Study characteristics, such as identifying information, contexts, and descriptive data regarding the tool and its evaluation study, were extracted and synthesised. Quality appraisal of individual studies was undertaken to assess the risk of bias during data collection.

Majority of the survey instruments included utilised a quantitative research approach in the form of self- or interview-administered questionnaires. Tools within the long-term care settings were more likely to be administered via interviews using a shorter and even rating scale, potentially resulting in a higher degree of bias and reduced data sensitivity.