Joensengammelgaard2536

Resistance to the pandemic strain of Austropuccinia psidii was identified in New Zealand provenance Leptospermum scoparium, Kunzea robusta, and K. linearis plants. Only 1 Metrosideros excelsa-resistant plant was found (of the 570 tested) and no resistant plants of either Lophomyrtus bullata or L. obcordata were found. Three types of resistance were identified in Leptospermum scoparium. The first two, a putative immune response and a hypersensitive response, are leaf resistance mechanisms found in other myrtaceous species while on the lateral and main stems a putative immune stem resistance was also observed. Both leaf and stem infection were found on K. robusta and K. linearis plants as well as branch tip dieback that developed on almost 50% of the plants. L. scoparium, K. robusta, and K. linearis are the first myrtaceous species where consistent infection of stems has been observed in artificial inoculation trials. This new finding and the first observation of significant branch tip dieback of plants of the two Kunzea spp. resulted in the development of two new myrtle rust disease severity assessment scales. Significant seed family and provenance effects were found in L. scoparium, K. robusta, and K. linearis some families produced significantly more plants with leaf, stem, and (in Kunzea spp.) branch tip dieback resistance, and provenances provided different percentages of resistant families and plants. The distribution of the disease symptoms on plants from the same seed family, and between plants from different seed families, suggested that the leaf, stem, and branch tip dieback resistances were the result of independent disease resistance mechanisms.As pesticides have become heavily relied on for management of insect pests vectoring economically important pathogens of vegetable crops, development of pathogen-resistant germplasm remains a promising alternative to reduce or eliminate costly and timely chemical inputs. Molecular markers can be used to rapidly identify resistant genotypes to aid breeders in advancing germplasm. This study developed two kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) genotyping markers for rapid screening of Pisum sativum genotypes for resistance to Pea seedborne mosaic virus pathotype P1 (PSbMV-P1), the most economically devastating strain worldwide. The KASP markers differentiate two eIF4E PSbMV-P1-resistant allelic variants from susceptible eIF4E variants. A single nucleotide polymorphism (Resistant 1) and a 3-basepair deletion (Resistant 2) present in either of the two resistant alleles were used for marker design. Forty-four P. sativum lines previously characterized for resistance to PSbMV were inoculated with PSbMV-P1 in a greenhouse, observed for visual symptoms, assayed for virus susceptibility by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and genotyped by KASP marker analysis. The KASP markers were 100% accurate in characterizing PSbMV-P1-susceptible and PSbMV-P1-resistant genotypes when correlated with the ELISA results. The Resistant 1 marker also correlated with resistance to PSbMV pathotypes P2 and P4 completely, making this marker a new advanced tool for P. sativum breeding programs.Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) commonly arises after stroke. We investigated the effects of preventing PEM on spontaneous recovery of forelimb use, infarct size, and the acute phase response (APR) in the chronic post-stroke period. Male, adult Sprague-Dawley rats were acclimatized to control diet (12.5% protein), tested for pre-stroke forelimb use symmetry in the cylinder test, and exposed to photothrombotic cortical stroke or sham surgery. Food intake was monitored daily, and body weight weekly. Forelimb use was tested on day 4 after surgery, before assignment to control diet or PEM (0.5% protein), with subsequent testing on days 16 and 29. Blood, brain, and liver were collected on day 30. The low protein diet resulted in PEM, measured by decreased body weight (p less then 0.001) and food intake (p = 0.016) and increased liver lipid (p less then 0.001). Stroke (p = 0.016) and PEM (p = 0.001) independently elicited increases in serum alpha-2-macroglobulin concentration, whereas PEM alone decreased albumin (p less then 0.001). PEM reduced recovery of forelimb use symmetry during exploration on days 16 (p = 0.024) and 29 (p = 0.013), but did not influence infarct size (p = 0.775). Stroke reduced reliance on the stroke-affected forelimb to initiate exploration up until day 29 (p less then 0.001); PEM had no influence (p ≥ 0.463). Preventing post-stroke PEM appears to yield direct benefits for certain types of motor recovery. Novelty • Preventing post-stroke malnutrition benefits certain types of motor recovery. • An acute phase response may contribute to the poorer recovery with malnutrition.Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research examining the impact of post-exercise nutrient intake on appetite regulation. The objective of this study was to examine how post-exercise fasting versus feeding impacts the post-exercise appetite response. In a randomized crossover intervention, 14 participants (BMI 26.9 ± 3.5 kg·m-2; Age 26.8 ± 6.7yrs) received one of two recovery beverages 1) water control (FAST) or 2) sweetened-milk (FED) after completing a 45min (65-70% VO2peak) evening exercise session (~1900hr). Energy intake was assessed through a fasted ad libitum breakfast meal and 3-day food diaries. Perceived appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Appetite-regulating hormones GLP-1, PYY, and acyl-ghrelin were assessed pre-exercise, 1hr post-exercise, and the morning following exercise. FAST increased subjective hunger compared to FED (P less then 0.05). PYY and GLP-1 after exercise were decreased and acyl-ghrelin was increased in FAST, with these differences disappearing the day after exercise (P less then 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake at breakfast the following morning did not differ between trials. Overall, in the absence of post-exercise macronutrient consumption, there was a pronounced increase in objective and subjective appetite post-exercise. selleckchem The orexigenic effects of post-exercise fasting, however, were not observed the morning following exercise. Novelty Bullets • Post-exercise fasting leads to reduced GLP-1 and PYY and increased hunger • Reduced GLP-1 and PYY after exercise is blunted by post-exercise nutrient intake • Energy intake the day after exercise is not influenced by post-exercise fasting.