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34 MME/month vs. post b=0.12 MME/month). For 51-100 MME, the pre- and post-guideline dose slopes did not significantly differ (pre b=0.60 MME/month vs. post b=0.27 MME/month). For 101-200 MME, post-guideline dose slope was significantly (p<0.0001) steeper and decreasing post-guideline (pre b=0.11 MME/month vs. post b= -1.33 MME/month). Among >200 MME, dose decreased in the pre- and post-guideline periods, and post-guideline decline was significantly (p<0.0001) steeper (b= -1. 86 MME/month vs. b= -4.13 MME/month).

Among patients on multiyear opioid therapy, the CDC guideline was associated with a modest change in dosing, except for patients on very high doses. The guideline was not associated with decreasing MME among lower-dose, long-term users.

Among patients on multiyear opioid therapy, the CDC guideline was associated with a modest change in dosing, except for patients on very high doses. The guideline was not associated with decreasing MME among lower-dose, long-term users.This study aims to evaluate impacts of the COVID-19 epidemic on merchant ship activities and corresponding atmospheric pollutant emissions in Shanghai port waters. Comparing AIS data from February 2019 and from February 2020, it is found that the merchant ship count and utilization frequency are reduced during the epidemic period. The epidemic could result in longer ship turnaround times because of more operation time for berthing and anchoring activities. Ship emission comparison results reveal that the cargo ship emissions are significantly reduced while container ships and tankers produce a slightly decreased emissions resulting by strict COVID-19 quarantine measures. In addition, the unit ship emission intensity is greatly reduced for ships which are under the normal cruising status while berthing and anchoring operations are associated with increased ship emissions. This implies that it is urgent to promote the use of shore power equipment for merchant ships during the epidemic period.Multimedia fugacity models have long been used to address the fate of toxic organic chemical emissions by providing a quantitative account of the sources, transport processes, and sinks. Recently, we have examined three level-III fugacity models (E4F (equilibrium six-compartment four-fugacity), S6F (steady-state six-compartment six-fugacity) and S4F (steady-state six-compartment four-fugacity) Models), in the context of their performance set against real-world data, and their practicality of application. Here, we discuss how the balance between gaseous and aerosol phases of emissions assumed for initial conditions affects the different model outcomes. Selleckchem icFSP1 Our results show that the S6F Model predictions closely match those of the S4F Model when chemical emissions are entirely in the gas-phase. As the particulate proportion of the emission increases, the S6F Model predictions diverge from those of the S4F Model and approach those of the E4F Model. Once the particulate portion reaches 100%, the S6F and E4F Models produce identical results an internally inconsistent system where chemicals are not in a steady state between air and aerosols, and mass balance for both air and aerosols is not achieved. Thus, in terms of practicality, internal consistency, chemical mass balance and agreement with observations, the S4F Model is clearly the best choice.Alpine ecosystem has a potential to intercept the transport of atmospheric metals, while the regulation mechanisms with variations in altitude and slope direction remain unclear. In this study, the soil and moss samples on the northern and southern slopes of Shennongjia Mountain were collected with altitude to quantitatively identify the sources of lead (Pb) and to decipher the regulation mechanisms of altitude and slope on the Pb distribution. The results showed that the concentrations of Pb decreased evidently with soil depth, and in the O (organic soils) and A (surface mineral soils) horizons they increased with altitude. The Pb isotopes and moss biomonitoring revealed that Pb was mainly from atmospheric deposition, and the sources included fossil fuel combustion, ore mining and smelting. Based on a binary mixing model of Pb isotopes, the percentage of atmospheric Pb in the O and A horizons and mosses averaged 58.8%, 43.7% and 71.0%, respectively. Atmospheric wet deposition strikingly controlled the distribution of soil Pb along the altitude. Canopy filtering and leaching also impacted the accumulation of Pb in the forest floor. The significant difference in the atmospheric Pb accumulation in the soils between the two slopes was not observed as expected, since atmospheric dry deposition from northwestern China contributed to the Pb accumulation on the northern slope according to the Pb isotopic ratios and air mass trajectories. The results of this study indicate that altitude determines the distribution pattern of atmospheric Pb, while slope direction screens the source region of Pb in alpine ecosystems.Morphology-based benthic foraminifera indices are increasingly used worldwide for biomonitoring the ecological quality of marine sediments. The recent development of foraminiferal eDNA metabarcoding offers a reliable, time-, and cost-effective alternative to morphology-based foraminiferal biomonitoring. However, the practical applications of these new tools are still highly limited. In the present study, we evaluate the response of benthic foraminifera and define the ecological quality status (EcoQS) in the Bagnoli area (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) based on a traditional morphology-based approach and eDNA metabarcoding. The geochemical data show that several sites in front of the former industrial plant contain higher concentrations of potentially toxic elements than the effect range median and are characterized by the highest total organic carbon (TOC) content, whereas the distantly located sites can be considered relatively low- to unpolluted. Significant differences (i.e., diversity and assemblage composition) in both morphological and molecular datasets were found between the relatively low- to unpolluted and the most polluted areas. Similarly, the selected ecological indices of both morphological and molecular datasets strikingly and congruently resulted in a clear separation following the environmental stress gradient. The molecular indices (i.e., g-exp(H'bc), g-Foram AMBI, and g-Foram AMBI-MOTUs) reliably identified poor-to-bad EcoQS in the polluted area in front of the former industrial plant. On the other hand, the Foram-AMBI based on morphology well identified an overall trend but seemed to overestimate the EcoQS if the traditional class boundaries were considered. The congruent and complementary trends between morphological and metabarcoding data observed in the case of the Bagnoli site further support the application of foraminiferal metabarcoding in routine biomonitoring to assess the environmental impacts of heavily polluted marine areas.