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001). Dedifferentiation-like transition and rhabdoid features were noted in a minority of cases. For overall survival, altered SMARCA4 expression was an unfavorable prognostic factor in stage III, EBV-associated GC and non-EBV/MSI intestinal subtype (P ≤ 0.001). SMARCA4 or ARID1A mutations were detected mainly in SMARCA4-lost or reduced GC, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SMARCA4-altered GCs are rare and have intratumoral heterogeneity, histomorphological diversity, conditional prognostic significance and various genetic drivers, importing diagnostic and therapeutic consideration. SMARCA4-lost GC may represent a genuine SMARCA4-deficient neoplasm but most SMARCA4-reduced/heterogeneous cases are associated with secondary collapse or different molecular subtypes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Chytridiomycosis has been a key driver of global frog declines and extinctions, particularly for high-altitude populations across Australia and the Americas. While recent evidence shows some species are recovering, the extent of such recoveries and the mechanisms underpinning them remain poorly resolved. We surveyed the historical latitudinal and elevational range of four Australian rainforest frogs that disappeared from upland sites between 1989 and 1994 to establish their contemporary distribution and elevational limits, and investigate factors affecting population recovery. Five rainforest streams were surveyed from mountain-base to summit (30 sites in total), with swabs collected from the target species (Litoria dayi, L. nannotis, L. rheocola and L. serrata) to determine their infection status, and dataloggers deployed to measure microclimatic variation across the elevational gradient. Infection probability increased with elevation and canopy cover as it was tightly and inversely correlated with stream-sinted where connectivity is poor or the increase in disease risk is too steep to allow recolonization, combined with assisted selection or use of founders from populations that have already undergone natural selection. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND In adolescence, physical symptoms may develop due to psychosocial problems, but such problems are not fully evaluated in school medical checkups. The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics of students with high and low scores on the Questionnaire for Triage and Assessment with 30 items (QTA30) in a school health checkup. METHODS The QTA30 (a self-completed questionnaire) was used in checkups for 3,414 students from 5th grade of primary schools to 3rd grade of junior high schools in south Wakayama Prefecture. The students were divided into groups with high (QTA30 ≥37) and low (QTA30 less then 37) risk for psychosomatic disorder. Eleven items, including gender, grade, lifestyle habits, and life events, were compared between these groups, and in subgroups with and without recent absence from school. RESULTS The QTA30 response rate was 87.9%. The high risk group had significantly more 3rd grade students (p less then 0.001), females (p less then 0.001), problems with teachers or friends (p less then 0.001), and experience of bullying (p less then 0.001), in addition to game playing for ≥2 hours (p less then 0.001), late bedtime (p less then 0.001), and many absences (p less then 0.001). Students in the high risk group with no absences for one month regardless of age still had a late bedtime and problems with friends, and 76.4% of the high-risk students had not visited a medical institution. CONCLUSIONS Use of the QTA30 facilitated detection of psychosomatic stress in school medical checkups, with latent risks of truancy detectable at an early phase. Thus, the QTA30 may be useful in early intervention for psychosomatic stress of adolescents. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.TDP-43 is an RNA/DNA-binding protein associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Under pathological conditions, TDP-43 exported from the nucleus accumulates in the cytoplasm, forming inclusion bodies. However, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to such aggregation are unclear. The pathogenic processes that lead to aggregation in ALS were investigated by analyzing the effects of wildtype human TDP-43 or with mutations in the nuclear-localization sequence (NLS) or those associated with ALS in stress-granule formation. TDP-43 (WT, △NLS, or G348C), with or without a GFP-tag, was expressed in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma or HeLa cells and stress granules induced by oxidative stress or heat shock. Stress granule formation was altered in cells strongly expressing GFP-TDP-△NLS, or untagged TDP-43-△NLS in the cytoplasm but not the negative controls, GFP or GFP-UtrCH. In contrast, there was no reduction in stress-granule formation by cells that expressed untagged TDP-43 (WT or G348C) in the nucleus upon stress induction. GFP labeling of TDP-43 (WT or G348C) promotes high cytoplasm expression and nuclear aggregation. Stress granule formation was impaired in cells expressing GFP-TDP-43 (WT or G348C) in the cytoplasm. Overall, these results suggest that stress-granule formation may be inhibited by high levels of TDP-43 protein in the cytoplasm. As stress granules serve a protective function, their deregulation may promote neurodegeneration due to an aberrant stress response. This article is protected by copyright. MRTX1719 PRMT inhibitor All rights reserved.OBJECTIVE The beginning of college is a period in which increased alcohol use often coincides with greater involvement in romantic relationships. Existing literature yields inconsistent findings regarding the influence of relationship types on drinking behavior, perhaps because these studies have not accounted for recent changes in the way college students engage in dating/sexual relationships. METHODS The present study sought to address this issue using a longitudinal study design by examining the effects of both relationship type and sexual activity on heavy episodic drinking (HED) among 1,847 college students over the course of the first three semesters of college. RESULTS Results indicated that the effects of relationship type depended on whether an individual was sexually active. Non-dating but sexually active students reported rates of HED comparable to students who defined themselves as casual daters. Conversely, non-dating students who were not sexually active reported drinking behavior similar to those involved in exclusive relationships. Further, transitions between low and high-risk relationship/sexual activity types were associated with corresponding changes in HED. Transitioning into a high-risk relationship was associated with significant increases in levels of HED, whereas transitioning into a low risk relationship was associated with significant decreases in HED. CONCLUSIONS Together, results indicate that engaging in non-exclusive dating or casual sexual relationships may play an important role in the development of problematic patterns of alcohol use during the early college years. These findings have potentially important implications both for future research and for prevention and intervention efforts targeting high risk college drinkers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.MAIN PROBLEM Self-management is essential for patients both before and after kidney transplantation and requires an adequate level of health literacy (HL), that is the ability to comprehend and process health information. Low HL is associated with poor clinical outcome and an increased risk of death. In Europe, HL has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of HL in a Swedish cohort of kidney transplant (KTx) candidates and KTx recipients. METHODS A single centre cross-sectional cohort study. Participants; n = 50 KTx candidates and n = 49 KTx recipients. HL was measured with the Newest Vital Sign instrument (NVS). Statistical analysis was made using the chi-square, Mann-Whitney U- or t-test. RESULTS Study participants; n = 99, 61.6% male, mean age 52 years. Low or possible inadequate HL was seen in 20%. There was no statistical difference in the levels of HL related to sex, educational level, ability to work or between KTx candidates and KTx recipients. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort, one fifth had low or possible inadequate HL measured by the NVS. Screening is needed to identify persons with poor HL. These persons require tailored education and person-centred care to cope with self-management. © 2020 Nordic College of Caring Science.Heteropaternal superfecundation may be defined as the fertilisation of two or more ova during the same oestrus cycle as a result of more than one coital act from different males; this results in foetuses being born in the same litter of the same age but different paternity. Heteropaternal superfecundation is more likely to occur in poly-ovulatory species like sheep; moreover, female sheep are often mob-mated with several rams concurrently, thus providing an opportunity for a given female to be served by multiple males during the same oestrus cycle. The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of heteropaternal superfecundation in six sheep flocks where most of the ewes, lambs and rams were genotyped. A total of 685 multiple-birth litters were available where the sire, dam and all lambs were genotyped. Of the 539 pairs of twins included in the analysis, 160 (i.e. 30%) were sired by two different rams. Of the 137 sets of triplets included in the analysis, 73 (i.e. 53%) were sired by more than one ram. Of the nine sets of quadruplets, eight were sired by two rams with the remaining litter being mono-paternal. The overall incidence of heteropaternal superfecundation among litters was therefore 35%. Given that the incidence of multiple births in these flocks was 65%, heteropaternal superfecundation is expected to be relatively common in sheep; this is especially true as all but two of the litter-mates were polyzygotic. Genotyping of progeny is one practical solution to identity such individuals. © 2020 Stichting International Foundation for Animal Genetics.BACKGROUND Cystic fibrosis is a life-limiting autosomal recessive genetic illness. A feeling of shortness of breath is common in cystic fibrosis, especially as the disease progresses. Reversing the underlying cause is the priority when treating breathlessness (dyspnoea), but when it is not feasible, palliation (easing) becomes the primary goal to improve an individual's quality of life. A range of drugs administered by various routes have been used, but no definite guidelines are available. A systematic review is needed to evaluate such treatments. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of drugs used to ease breathlessness in people with cystic fibrosis. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis Trials Register, compiled from electronic database searches and handsearching of journals and conference abstract books. Date of last search 18 November 2019. We searched databases (clinicaltrials.gov, the ISRCTN registry, the Clinical Trials Registry India and WHO ICTRP) for ongoing trials. These practice. The authors call for specific research in this area after taking into account relevant ethical considerations. The research should focus on the efficacy and safety of the drugs with efficacy being measured in terms of improvement in quality of life, dyspnoea scores and hospital stay. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.