Jacobsonharmon6341

The 191 athletes were included for symptom- and concussion-reporting intentions analyses, while 46 and 41 were included for symptom- and concussion-reporting behavior, respectively. Nonparametric statistics with false discovery rate adjusted p values were employed. We found symptom- and concussion-reporting intentions, and symptom- and concussion-reporting behaviors were not significantly different based on SES strata (all p values ≥.64), household income (all p values ≥.64), HS-GPA (all p values ≥.24), or ACT scores (all p values ≥.25). Overall, SES and academic achievement may not play a role in understanding concussion reporting among middle- to high-SES collegiate athletes. Implementing policies targeting certain SES and academic levels might be an ineffective health care strategy for increasing reporting.This study aims to analyze South Korea's experience during the COVID-19 outbreak through a gendered lens. We briefly introduce the COVID-19 outbreak in Korea, scrutinize gendered vulnerability in contracting the virus, and then analyze the gendered aspects of the pandemic response in two phases quarantine policy and mitigation policy. The authors elicit four lessons from the analysis. First, gender needs to be mainstreamed at all stages of a public health emergency response. Depsipeptide Second, in addition to medical care, all formal and informal care work should be considered as an essential component of health care systems. Third, a people-centered approach in health governance should be prioritized to make women's voices heard at every level. Fourth, medical technology and resources to cope with pandemic should be produced and distributed in an equitable manner, acknowledging differential vulnerability and susceptibility.Personal experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.Objective To review literature on the use of direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients with high body weight (BW) and/or high body mass index (BMI) and to make recommendations regarding use in this patient population. Data Sources A search using PubMed was conducted (inception to April 13, 2020) using the term DOAC AND the terms obesity OR body weight. A separate search was also conducted with individual DOACs (dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban) and the aforementioned terms. Study Selection and Data Extraction Studies included examined the effect of BW and/or BMI on DOAC pharmacokinetics, efficacy, or safety. Included studies had DOAC indications of prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, or treatment or long-term prevention of venous thromboembolism. Data Synthesis The efficacy and safety of DOACs in patients with high BW/BMI has not yet been elucidated by randomized trials; however, 2016 international guidelines suggest avoiding their use in patients with a BW >120 kg or BMI >40 kg/m2. Since 2016, several studies have been published examining use of DOACs in this patient population. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice This review thoroughly discusses the literature on DOACs in patients with a BW >120 kg or BMI >40 kg/m2 pre-2016 and post-2016 guidelines. Conclusions Evidence indicates that each DOAC may have differences in outcomes when used in patients with a high BW/BMI. Currently, low-quality data are available that support avoiding dabigatran and considering apixaban or rivaroxaban; lack of sufficient data preclude a recommendation for edoxaban use in this patient population.Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, are not a homogeneous population; their morphology, molecular profile, and even their ultrastructure greatly vary from one cell to another. Recent advances in the field of neuroimmunology have helped to demystify the enigma that currently surrounds microglial heterogeneity. Indeed, numerous microglial subtypes have been discovered such as the disease-associated microglia, neurodegenerative phenotype, and Cd11c-positive developmental population. Another subtype is the dark microglia (DM), a population defined by its ultrastructural changes associated with cellular stress. Since their first characterization using transmission electron microscopy, they have been identified in numerous disease conditions, from mouse models of Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, fractalkine signaling deficiency to chronic stress, just to name a few. A recent study also identified the presence of cells with a similar ultrastructure to the DM in postmortem brain samples from schizophrenic patients, underlining the importance of understanding the function of these cells. In this minireview, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the DM, from their initial ultrastructural characterization to their documentation in various pathological contexts across multiple species. We will also highlight the current limitations surrounding the study of these cells and the future that awaits the DM.Significance Oxidative stress and oxidative damage are central hypothetical mechanisms for the adverse effects of airborne particulate matter (PM). Activation of inflammatory cells capable of generating reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is another proposed damage pathway. Understanding the interplay between these responses can help us understand the adverse health effects attributed to breathing polluted air. Critical issues Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during phagocytosis of the particles, leading to enhancement of oxidative stress and triggering the inflammatory response. The activation of inflammatory signaling pathways results in the release of cytokines, and other mediators that can further induce ROS production by activating endogenous enzymes, leading to a positive feedback loop, which can aggravate the effects triggered by PM exposure. Recent advances The consequences of PM exposure on different organs results in oxidative damage, decreased function, and inflammation, which can lead to the development/exacerbation of proinflammatory disorders. Mitochondrial damage is also an important event in PM-induced cytotoxicity. Future directions Further research is required to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which PM exposure results in adverse health effects, in terms of the relationship between the redox responses triggered by the presence of the particles and the inflammation observed in the different organs, so the development/exacerbation of PM-associated health problems can be prevented.