Ismaillundgreen1880

The peak number calculated using the CN was greater when recorded from Site 1 in concordance with MUP analysis. CONCLUSION Duration of MUP was longer and amplitude was smaller when the recording electrode was placed distally along the muscle near the tendon in neurogenic muscles, probably related to increased temporal dispersion. However, changing the position of the needle did not provide further information in distinguishing myogenic muscles. Neurocognitive impairments are well established in both ultra-high risk (UHR) for psychosis and major depressive disorder (MDD). Despite this understanding, investigation of neurocognitive deficits in UHR individuals with MDD and its association with MDD within this population, has been scarce. Hence, this study aimed to examine any differences in neurocognition at baseline between those with MDD at baseline and those with no history of MDD, as well as determine whether neurocognitive variables are significantly associated with meeting criteria for MDD at follow-up, while controlling for relevant clinical variables, within a UHR cohort. Data analysis was conducted on 207 participants whose baseline neurocognition was assessed using Brief Assessment of Cognition for Schizophrenia, as part of a trial of omega-3 fatty acids (NEURAPRO) for UHR individuals. While baseline MDD was the strongest predictor, poorer verbal memory and higher verbal fluency were significantly associated with MDD at 12 months (p = .04 and 0.026, respectively). Further, higher processing speed was significantly associated with MDD at medium-term follow-up (p = .047). These findings outline that neurocognitive skills were independently associated with meeting criteria for MDD at follow-up within UHR individuals, with novel findings of better verbal fluency and processing speed being linked to MDD outcomes. Hence, neurocognitive performance should be considered as a marker of risk for MDD outcomes and a target for management of MDD in UHR. BACKGROUND One third of people diagnosed with schizophrenia fail to respond adequately to antipsychotic medication, resulting in persisting disabling symptoms, higher rates of hospitalization and higher costs for society. In an effort to better understand the mechanisms behind resistance to antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia, we investigated its potential relationship to the genetic architecture of the disorder. METHODS Patients diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder (N = 321) were classified as either being treatment-resistant (N = 108) or non-treatment-resistant (N = 213) to antipsychotic medication using defined consensus criteria. A schizophrenia polygenic risk score based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) was calculated for each patient and binary logistic regression was performed to investigate the association between polygenetic risk and treatment resistance. We adjusted for principal components, batch number, age and sex. Additional analyses were performed to investigate associations with demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS High levels of polygenic risk score for schizophrenia significantly predicted treatment resistance (p = 0.003). The positive predictive value of the model was 61.5% and the negative predictive value was 71.7%. The association was significant for one (p = 0.01) out of five tested SNP significance thresholds. Season of birth was able to predict treatment-resistance in the regression model (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study indicates that treatment-resistance to antipsychotic medication is associated with higher polygenetic risk of schizophrenia, suggesting a link between antipsychotics mechanism of action and the genetic underpinnings of the disorder. OBJECTIVE Developmental psychopathology processes pertinent to underserved ethnically diverse youth may not always coincide with those relevant to youth from non-disadvantaged groups. This article reports on the young adulthood assessment (fourth wave; April/2013-August/2017) of the Boricua Youth Study (BYS), which includes two population-based samples of children of Puerto Rican background (N=2,491) aged 5 to 13 years (recruited in 2000), in the South Bronx (SBx), NYC and San Juan, Puerto Rico (PR). METHOD Study procedures included intensive participant tracking, in-person interviews of young adults, and when possible, their parents. Study participation rates, measures and weights are described. RESULTS At BYS Wave 4 (on average 11.3 years since last wave of participation), we re-assessed 2,004 young adults (mean age=22.9, range 15-29 years; 51% women; retention rate adjusted for ineligibility=82.7%) and available parents (n=1,180). Non-participation was due to inability to locate/contact participants (8.6%); refusal (4.7%) and ineligible status (2.8%) due to cognitive impairment, incarceration or death. Among those originally from PR, 91% stayed in PR during young adulthood. Of those from the SBx, 52.4% remained in the area (85.8% within 100 miles). Most study measures had good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.70 or above). CONCLUSION Our results support the viability of retaining a population-based cohort of children from the same ethnic group across two contexts during a life stage when individuals are likely to move. Longitudinal samples that are generalizable to underserved populations can elucidate developmental processes of relevance for curtailing the risk of psychopathology in disadvantaged contexts. OBJECTIVE This paper estimates the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and their continuity since childhood among young adults from the same ethnic group living in two low-income contexts. METHOD Young adults (N=2004; ages 15-29) were followed (82.8% retention) as part of the Boricua Youth Study (BYS), a study of Puerto Rican youth recruited at ages of 5-13 in the South Bronx (SBx), NY, and Puerto Rico (PR). We estimated prevalence (lifetime; past year) of major depressive (MDD), mania, hypomania, generalized anxiety (GAD), tobacco dependence, and any other substance use disorders (SUD). RESULTS The prevalence of every disorder was higher among young women from the SBx compared to those from PR (e.g. LY3295668 solubility dmso 9.2% vs. 4.1% past year SUD; 14 vs. 6.8% for MDD/GAD, respectively). Among SBx young men, tobacco dependence and illicit SUD were elevated. Across both contexts, men had higher tobacco dependence, alcohol use disorder (AUD), and SUD than women, while women had higher GAD than men. MDD did not differ by gender. Young adulthood disorders (except for AUD, GAD) followed childhood disorders.