Irwinhoward0664

This triggers us to hasten this process of medical education transformation in a way to cope with any such calamity with minimal consequences.

This survey highlighted the intense negative impacts of this pandemic on the postgraduate program from the eyes of the trainees themselves. This triggers us to hasten this process of medical education transformation in a way to cope with any such calamity with minimal consequences.Elicitor-induced defense response against potential plant pathogens has been widely reported in several crop plants; however, transcriptome dynamics underlying such defense response remains elusive. Our previous study identified and characterized a novel elicitor, κ-carrageenan, from Kappaphycus alvarezii, a marine red seaweed. Our preliminary studies have shown that the elicitor-treatment enhances the tolerance of a susceptible tomato cultivar to Septoria lycopersici (causative agent of leaf spot disease). To gain further insights into the genes regulated during elicitor treatment followed by pathogen infection, we have performed RNA-Seq experiments under different treatments, namely, control (untreated and uninfected), elicitor treatment, pathogen infection alone, and elicitor treatment followed by pathogen infection. To validate the results, forty-three genes belonging to five different classes, namely, ROS activating and detoxifying enzyme encoding genes, DEAD-box RNA helicase genes, autophagy-related genes, cysteine proteases, and pathogenesis-related genes, were chosen. Expression profiling of each gene was performed using qRT-PCR, and the data was correlated with the RNA-seq data. Altogether, the study has pinpointed a repertoire of genes that could be potential candidates for further functional characterization to provide insights into novel elicitor-induced fungal defense and develop transgenic lines resistant to foliar diseases.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00970-y.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00970-y.Heliotropium thermophilum can survive at a soil temperature of 65 °C in natural and laboratory conditions, but the mechanism of survival at high soil temperatures is not completely known. The objective of this study was to determine whether changes in abscisic acid (ABA), osmolytes and heat shock factors (HSFs) levels have an effective role in the development of thermotolerance in H. thermophilum at high temperatures. Soil temperature at which the thermophilic plant could live was gradually increased in laboratory conditions and the effects of four different temperatures (20 ± 5 °C low, 40 ± 5 °C mild, 60 ± 5 °C medium, 80 ± 5 °C extreme heat) were observed for 15 days. The results showed that the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) did not significantly change in extreme heat, whereas the leaf water potential and stomatal conductivity decreased. ABA biosynthesis, accumulation of osmolyte compounds including proline and total soluble sugars, and the expression levels of heat shock transcription factor A4A (HSFA4A), heat shock transcription factor A3 (HSFA3), and heat shock factor (HSF4) genes significantly increased with increase of soil temperature from 20 ± 5 °C to 80 ± 5 °C. In conclusion, we observed that H. thermophilum is an extreme thermophile. NEM inhibitor This plant can adjust osmotic activity to effectively take water through the osmolytes accumulation, reducing water loss by ABA-mediated stomatal closing and survive at high soil temperatures by stimulating the increased transcription level of HSFs.Brassinosteroids (BR) play diverse roles in the regulation of plant growth and development. BR promotes plant growth by triggering cell division and expansion. However, the effect of exogenous BR application on the leaf size and expansion of tobacco is unknown. Tobacco seedlings are treated with different concentrations of exogenous 2,4-epibrassinolide (EBL) [control (CK, 0 mol L-1), T1 (0.5 × 10-7 mol L-1), and T2 (0.5 × 10-4 mol L-1)]. The results show that T1 has 17.29% and T2 has 25.99% more leaf area than control. The epidermal cell area is increased by 24.40% and 17.13% while the number of epidermal cells is 7.06% and 21.06% higher in T1 and T2, respectively, relative to control. So the exogenous EBL application improves the leaf area by increasing cell numbers and cell area. The endogenous BR (7.5 times and 68.4 times), auxin (IAA) (4.03% and 25.29%), and gibberellin (GA3) contents (84.42% and 91.76%) are higher in T1 and T2, respectively, in comparison with control. Additionally, NtBRI1, NtBIN2, and NtBES1 are upregulated showing that the brassinosteroid signaling pathway is activated. Furthermore, the expression of the key biosynthesis-related genes of BR (NtDWF4), IAA (NtYUCCA6), and GA3 (NtGA3ox-2) are all upregulated under EBL application. Finally, the exogenous EBL application also upregulated the expression of cell growth-related genes (NtCYCD3;1, NtARGOS, NtGRF5, NtGRF8, and NtXTH). The results reveal that the EBL application increases the leaf size and expansion by promoting the cell expansion and division through higher BR, IAA, and GA3 contents along with the upregulation of cell growth-related genes. The results of the study provide a scientific basis for the effect of EBL on tobacco leaf growth at morphological, anatomical, biochemical, and molecular levels.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00971-x.In recent years, there has been a considerable and renewed upsurge in research to ascertain the physiological and biochemical role of Nitric oxide (NO) in plants. The present investigation is focused to study the role of NO on neck bending associated with senescence and postharvest performance in isolated flowers of Calendula officinalis. The flower buds harvested at one day before anthesis stage were supplied with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as a source of NO at different concentrations viz., 50, 100, 150 and 200 µM. A distinct set of flowers held in distilled water designated the control. The investigation revealed that SNP delayed the senescence in flowers of C. officinalis significantly manifested by prolonged longevity. The maximum longevity of 12 days was recorded in flowers supplemented with 100 µM SNP. The flowers held in distilled water (control) displayed early senescence symptoms and lasted for 6 days only. Our research suggested that improved flower longevity by SNP was commensurate with delayed neck bending, inhibition of bacterial growth in the vase, increased solution uptake, high membrane stability, besides an up-regulated activities of antioxidant enzymes in the tissue samples.