Irwinbojsen3112

Meanwhile, the presented hybrid adaptive framework is implemented to a real case study to represent the applicability and efficiency of the proposed approach. Furthermore, a comparative analysis is provided by defining eight comparison indexes to compare the obtained results with two recent studies in relevant literature for representing the validation and verification of the proposed approach. The comparative analysis shows that the proposed approach versus the two other approaches has merits such as modeling of uncertainty, experts' weights, adaptive structure, unanimous agreement-based approach, and last aggregation framework. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is represented to show the sensitiveness and robustness of the obtained results from changing the criteria weights, goals values, and consensus elimination. Thereby, the sensitivity analysis indicates that the obtained ranking results are sensitive to sustainability criteria unlike the technical criterion. In regions experiencing aquifer depletion, planning for groundwater sustainability requires both accurate accounting of current groundwater budgets and an assessment of future conditions, with changes in recharge and pumping. Hydrologic variability, climate change effects on water flows, changing water infrastructure operations, and inherent uncertainties in modeling, challenge the plans to achieve groundwater sustainability. This paper examines the importance, magnitude, and policy implications of uncertainties in groundwater overdraft estimation for water management in California. We review water balance estimates from two regional-scale groundwater models-C2VSim and CVHM-for sub-regions within California's Central Valley, and examine the variability and uncertainty in historical and future estimates of groundwater overdraft. Assuming reductions in agricultural water use for sub-regions with overdraft, we estimate the probabilities of ending groundwater overdraft for different periods. We also obtain the ecate assessment and regulation of local plans. The anaerobic decomposition of organic wastes might lead to the formation of organic-byproducts which can then be successfully used as organic fertilizers. This study evaluated the impact of the application of two fermented liquid organic amendments (commercial vs. farm-made) at two doses of application (optimal vs. suboptimal), compared to mineral fertilization, on lettuce growth and soil quality. To this purpose, two experiments were conducted at microcosm- and field-scale, respectively. In the microcosm experiment, organically amended soils resulted in lower lettuce yield than minerally fertilized soil but, in contrast, they enhanced microbial activity and biomass, thus leading to an improvement in soil quality. The fertilization regime (organic vs. inorganic) significantly affected soil microbial composition but did not have any significant effect on structural or functional prokaryotic diversity. In the field experiment, at the optimal dose of application, organically-amended soils resulted in comparable lettuce yield to that displayed by minerally fertilized soils. The application of organic amendments did not result in an enhanced microbial activity and biomass, compared to mineral fertilization, but led to a higher soil prokaryotic diversity. Among the organically-amended plots, the optimal application dose resulted in a higher lettuce yield and soil microbial activity and biomass, but led to a decline in soil prokaryotic diversity, compared to the suboptimal application dose. Our results indicate that commercial and farm-made fermented liquid organic amendments possess the potential to ameliorate soil quality while sustaining crop yield. Given the strong influence of other factors (e.g., type of soil, dose of application) on the effects exerted by such amendments on soil quality and fertility, we recommend that an exhaustive characterization of both the amendments and the recipient soils should be carried out prior to their application, in order to better ensure their potential beneficial effects. Paddy fields are major sources of atmospheric methane (CH4). However, CH4 emissions from cold-waterlogged paddy fields, a major type of paddy soil in China, remain unclear. Here we investigated the CH4 emissions and associated influential factors in cold-waterlogged paddy fields at two sites (Yangxin County and Daye City) in Hubei Province, South China. Normal paddy fields matched with parental material and cropping system were used as the controls. SB-743921 molecular weight The CH4 emissions from cold-waterlogged fields were significantly higher than those from normal fields with (3.0-4.4-fold) or without (3.5-8.6-fold) rice. Rice planting increased CH4 emissions by 59-78% in cold-waterlogged fields and by 85-247% in normal fields. CH4 instantaneous fluxes were positively correlated with soil temperature and methanogen mcrA (methyl coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit) and methanotroph pmoA (methane monooxygenase) copy numbers at the annual scale. Under rice planting, mcrA copy number was higher in cold-waterlogged fields than in normal fields at both sites, whereas pmoA copy number had the same trend at the Daye site only. Soil temperature and water content influenced mcrA and pmoA copy numbers in the normal paddy fields, whereas soil organic matter content was more influential in the cold-waterlogged paddy fields. These findings suggest that perennial waterlogging is a prerequisite for substantial CH4 emissions from cold-waterlogged paddy fields, and it promotes the proliferation of methanogens and methanotrophs under rice planting. Therefore, CH4 production-oxidation processes are more active in cold-waterlogged paddy fields than in normal paddy fields. Stream restoration efforts have increased, but the success rate is still rather low. The underlying reasons for these unsuccessful restoration efforts remain inconclusive and need urgent clarification. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate over 40 years of stream restoration to fuel future perspectives. To this purpose we evaluated the influence of policy goals on stream restoration efforts, biophysical restoration objectives, restoration measures applied including the scale of application and monitoring efforts. Information was obtained from five stream restoration surveys that were held among the regional water authorities in the Netherlands over the last 40 years and from an analysis of the international scientific publications on stream restoration spanning the same time period. Our study showed that there was a considerable increase in stream restoration efforts, especially motivated by environmental legislation. However, proper monitoring of the effectiveness of the measures was often lacking.