Ibrahimlysgaard8826

Nano-Bio interface involves the dynamic interactions of nanomaterial and a living system. Association of nanotechnology and biology has been a valuable tool in improving the potentials of biomedical research. Exquisite structures of nanoparticles comparable in size with biomolecules and the unique possibility of tuning their chemical and physical functionality at small length scales make them more attractive for biological research. In this review, we comprehend Nano-Bio interactions at cellular levels and discuss parameters involved in determining nano-bio interactions. Techniques used for the characterization of nano-bio interactions have also been discussed. Applications of nanotechnology as a tool for manipulating cellular behaviors, studying important biological processes such as adhesion, morphology, and proliferation, and nanoparticles as nanoprobes and nanosensors have been discussed here. Knowledge of these interactions and processes at a cellular level will be useful for understanding the bioenergetics of subcellular organelle and might provide innovative ideas for designing new tools to enhance the understanding of cellular functions. Further, detailed information about the cellular and subcellular processes will be rather helpful in designing new nanocarriers and drug discovery. V.Ecklonia maxima, an endemic South African seaweed, is a potential source of beneficial bioactive compounds. Among these compounds, fucoidan, a sulphated polysaccharide has a wide range of bioactivities including anti-diabetic activity. selleck kinase inhibitor In this study, fucoidan was extracted from E. maxima by the hot water extraction method and then characterised by colorimetric assays for sugar composition. The extraction from E. maxima yielded 6.89% fucoidan which was found to contain 4.45 ± 0.25% L-fucose and 6.01 ± 0.53% sulphate. The water extracted E. maxima fucoidan had a low molecular weight of approximately 10 kDa. Structural studies (FT-IR, NMR and XRD) confirmed the structure and integrity of the fucoidan to be similar to previously studied fucoidans in literature. Finally, the activities of starch digestive enzymes; α-amylase and α-glucosidase, were investigated in the presence of the E. maxima fucoidan extract. Fucoidan from E. maxima was observed to be a potent mixed-type inhibitor of α-glucosidase with an IC50 range of 0.27-0.31 mg.ml-1, which was significantly lower than the commercial anti-diabetic standard, acarbose. Our present study demonstrated that fucoidan from E. maxima is a more powerful inhibitor compared to some standard anti-diabetic compounds and thus shows great potential for managing type 2 diabetes. In this paper, nanochitin was used as an alternative natural nanomaterial to combine with cellulose fibers for fabricating high-strength paper. Two typical chitin nanowhiskers having contrasting sign of surface charge were compared to evaluate the enhancement performance on paper in details. The results show that nanochitin with positive charges on the surface has a significant effect on the strength properties of the prepared paper, especially on wet strength. When the dosage of chitin nanowhiskers was 2%, the wet strength index was increased to 2.48 N·m/g, which is important for paper-based analytical devices with the common use in liquid analysis. Typical colorimetric glucose assays were successfully performed, suggesting the improved analytical performance on these prepared paper. V.Oxidative stress is considered to be the leading cause of many chronic and degenerative diseases leading to death and disability. Antioxidant therapy could be efficient in preventing oxidative stress-induced damages in cells. In the present study the efficacy of mangiferin-chitosan nanoparticles (MCNs) as a therapeutic agent against the oxidative stress, since mangiferin (MGF), a polyphenol protects and attenuates oxidative stress against various diseases. However, the bioactivity of MGF does not result in vivo biological effect owing to its low bioavailability and poor solubility. Mangiferin nanoparticles (NPs) were developed to improve the solubility and bioavailability of mangiferin. Nanoparticles had significant free radical scavenging activity in the cell-free system and had a synergistic action with phase II antioxidant enzymes such as catalases and peroxidases. A nephropathic system was developed to investigate the attenuative role of mangiferin-chitosan nanoparticles against induced oxidative stress, on normal kidney epithelial (NKE) cells. Pre-treatment with the nanoparticles exclusively prevented the induction of cytotoxicity induced by NaF and maintained the level of intracellular antioxidant enzyme in the cells. Nanoparticles had significant lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation inhibition activities. These nanoparticles can be used in food and pharmaceutical industries as a therapeutic agent to prevent the oxidative stress-induced health disorders. V.Biodegradable films based on agar with glycerol (GLY) as a plasticizer were developed by incorporating hydroalcoholic garlic extract (HGE) on the film surface. The effect of GLY content (0, 15, or 30 wt%) and different concentrations of HGE (0, 0.5, 1, or 1.5 μg/mL) on the physicochemical and transport properties of the films was evaluated. The optical (color and transparency), mechanical (tensile test), transport (diffusion and water vapor transmission rate), thermal (thermogravimetric analysis) structural (infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction), and morphological (scanning electron microscope) properties were analyzed. The impregnation of HGE increased the transparency values and decreased the luminosity, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and crystallinity of the agar films. The formulation of 30 wt% GLY with 1.5 μg/mL HGE, identified as 30 GLY [1.5], showed a similar thermal stability that of a neat agar film. The agar films with 30 wt% GLY showed the lowest diffusion coefficient and water vapor transmission rate, indicating that volatile compounds are slowly released. From the results the formulation 30 GLY [1.5] could be used as a film to transport and to release HGE which is supported by a biodegradable matrix and this system has a potential use as insect semiochemical for plague control. V.