Hutchisonbunn1855

Successful navigation of the social environment is dependent on a number of social cognitive processes, including mentalizing and resistance to peer influence. These processes continue to develop during adolescence, a time of significant social change, and are underpinned by regions of the social brain that continue to mature structurally and functionally into adulthood. In this review, we describe how mentalizing, peer influence, and emotion regulation capacities develop to aid the navigation of the social environment during adolescence. Heightened susceptibility to peer influence and hypersensitivity to social rejection in adolescence increase the likelihood of both risky and prosocial behavior in the presence of peers. Developmental differences in mentalizing and emotion regulation, and the corticosubcortical circuits that underpin these processes, might put adolescents at risk for developing mental health problems. We suggest how interventions aimed at improving prosocial behavior and emotion regulation abilities hold promise in reducing the risk of poor mental health as adolescents navigate the changes in their social environment.

The effects of intranasal oxytocin and placebo on hyperphagia and repetitive behaviors were compared in children and adolescents with Prader Willi Syndrome (PWS).

Children and adolescents with PWS were enrolled in an 8-week double-blind placebo-controlled intranasal oxytocin randomized trial. Twenty-three (23) subjects were assigned to oxytocin (N=11) or placebo (N=12). Hyperphagia was measured with the Hyperphagia Questionnaire (HQ), and repetitive behavior was measured with Repetitive Behavior Scale- Revised (RBS-R).

There were modest significant treatment by-time interactions indicating reduction in hyperphagia and repetitive behaviors across time for placebo but no reduction for oxytocin. Total HQ score showed a greater average reduction of 1.81 points/week for the placebo group vs. oxytocin, with maximum reduction at week 4. There were also greater reductions on HQ-Drive and HQ-Behavior subscales on placebo vs. oxytocin. RBS-R subscales followed similar patterns to the HQ, with a significantly greater reduction in sameness subscale behaviors (average 0.825 points/week) in the placebo group compared to the oxytocin group. see more Oxytocin was well tolerated, and the only adverse event that was both more common and possibly related to oxytocin vs. placebo was nocturia (n=1 vs 0).

Placebo was associated with modest improvement in hyperphagia and repetitive behaviors in childhood PWS whereas intranasal oxytocin was not associated with improvement in these domains. More work is needed to understand the meaning and mechanism of these findings on hyperphagia and repetitive behaviors in PWS.

Placebo was associated with modest improvement in hyperphagia and repetitive behaviors in childhood PWS whereas intranasal oxytocin was not associated with improvement in these domains. More work is needed to understand the meaning and mechanism of these findings on hyperphagia and repetitive behaviors in PWS.Social impairment is a cardinal feature of schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SZ). Smaller social network size, diminished social skills, and loneliness are highly prevalent. Existing, gold-standard assessments of social impairment in SZ often rely on self-reported information that depends on retrospective recall and detailed accounts of complex social behaviors. This is particularly problematic in people with SZ given characteristic cognitive impairments and reduced insight. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA; repeated self-reports completed in the context of daily life) allows for the measurement of social behavior as it occurs in vivo, yet still relies on participant input. Momentary characterization of behavior using smartphone sensors (e.g., GPS, microphone) may also provide ecologically valid indicators of social functioning. In the current study we tested associations between both active (e.g., EMA-reported number of interactions) and passive (GPS-based mobility, conversations captured by microphone) smartphone-based measures of social activity and measures of social functioning and loneliness to examine the promise of such measures for understanding social impairment in SZ. Our results indicate that passive markers of mobility were more consistently associated with EMA measures of social behavior in controls than in people with SZ. Furthermore, dispositional loneliness showed associations with mobility metrics in both groups, while general social functioning was less related to these metrics. Finally, interactions detected in the ambient audio were more tied to social functioning in SZ than in controls. Findings speak to the promise of smartphone-based digital phenotyping as an approach to understanding objective markers of social activity in people with and without schizophrenia.

Suicide is a serious public health problem, including among U.S. Army personnel. There is great interest in discovering objective predictors of suicide and non-fatal suicidal behaviors. The current study examined the association between neurocognitive functioning and pre-military history of suicide attempts (SA) and post-enlistment onset of SA.

New Soldiers reporting for Basic Combat Training (N=38,507) completed a comprehensive computerized neurocognitive assessment battery and self-report questionnaires. A subset of Soldiers (n=6216) completed a follow-up survey, including assessment of lifetime SA, 3-7 years later.

Six hundred eighty-nine Soldiers indicated lifetime SA at baseline and 210 Soldiers indicated new-onset SA at follow-up. Regression analyses, adjusted for demographic variables, revealed significant bivariate associations between neurocognitive performance on measures of sustained attention, impulsivity, working memory, and emotion recognition and lifetime SA at baseline. In a multivariable model including each of these measures as predictors, poorer impulse control and quicker response times on an emotion recognition measure were significantly and independently associated with increased odds of lifetime SA. A second model predicted new-onset SA at follow-up for Soldiers who did not indicate a history of SA at baseline. Poorer impulse control on a measure of sustained attention was predictive of new-onset SA.

Effect sizes are small and of unlikely clinical predictive utility.

We simultaneously examined multiple neurocognitive domains as predictors of SA in a large, representative sample of new Army Soldiers. Impulsivity most strongly predicted past and future SA over and beyond other implicated cognitive-emotional domains.

We simultaneously examined multiple neurocognitive domains as predictors of SA in a large, representative sample of new Army Soldiers. Impulsivity most strongly predicted past and future SA over and beyond other implicated cognitive-emotional domains.Mitochondria play a critical role in energy metabolism. Genetic, postmortem brain, and brain imaging studies of bipolar disorder (BD) patients indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction might explain BD pathophysiology. Mitochondrial function can be indirectly evaluated by measuring mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy numbers. We recruited 186 bipolar I disorder (BD1) and 95 bipolar II disorder (BD2) patients, and age- and sex-matched controls. MtDNA copy numbers in peripheral blood cells were measured via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We explored parameters (including age and clinical features) that might affect mtDNA copy numbers. We found that BD1 patients had a lower mtDNA copy number than controls and that mtDNA copy number was negatively associated with the number of mood episodes. BD2 patients had a higher mtDNA copy number than controls. Thus, changes in mitochondrial function may influence BD pathophysiology. The opposite directions of the association with mtDNA copy number in BD1 and BD2 patients suggests that the difference in pathophysiology may be associated with mitochondrial function.

Loneliness is a public health problem that is expected to rise during the COVID-19 pandemic, given the widespread policy of quarantine. The literature is unclear whether loneliness during COVID-19 is similar to those of non-pandemic seasons. This study examined the expression of loneliness on Twitter during COVID-19 pandemic, and identified key areas of loneliness across diverse communities.

Twitter was searched for feeds that were(1) in English; (2) posted from May 1, 2020 to July 1, 2020; (3) posted by individual users (not organisations); and (4) contained the words 'loneliness' and 'COVID-19'. A machine-learning approach (Topic Modeling) identified key topics from the Twitter feeds; Hierarchical Modeling identified overarching themes. Variations in the prevalence of the themes were examined over time and across the number of followers of the Twitter users.

4492 Twitter feeds were included and classified into 3 themes (1) Community impact of loneliness during COVID-19; (2) Social distancing during COs loneliness-during COVID-19 pandemic.Existing data suggest that deficits in social cognitive functioning are transdiagnostic phenomena that are observed across various forms of psychopathology. The goal of the present review was to provide an updated systematic review of the literature on social cognitive functioning across eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). Studies that assessed six areas of social cognition were included theory of mind, social perception, social knowledge, attributional bias, emotion perception, and emotion processing. A systematic search identified 71 studies, the majority of which examined adult women with AN. Research typically focused on alexithymia, theory of mind, empathy, social processing, emotion recognition, or emotion processing. Results suggested some deficits in social cognition in EDs. AN had the most studies with some evidence for deficiencies in social cognition but a fair amount of variability. Research on BN and BED was limited and inconsistent, though there appear to be some deficits in social cognition. Together, the limited coverage across EDs and heterogeneous methodology preclude firm conclusions regarding general or ED-specific deficits, as well as understanding the role of social cognition in ED etiology and maintenance. Therefore, several key questions and future directions are outlined for research moving forward.Three-dimensional (3D) carbon-based materials have attracted growing attention in the field of electromagnetic wave absorption applications. However, their high conductivity results in high dielectric constant, leading to impedance mismatching, and this characteristic finally weakens their electromagnetic wave absorption performance. In this work, 3D carbon foam (3DCF) was successfully prepared by calcining the melamine foam as the carbon framework precursor under N2 atmosphere. Subsequently, 1T-2H MoS2 nanosheets were uniformly assembled on the surface of the 3DCF skeleton through a solvothermal process. The diameter of the 3DCF skeleton was about 1 μm and the thickness of the 1T-2H MoS2 on the surface was about 150 nm. The 3D network brings in many advantages for microwave attenuation, including numerous conductive pathways, excellent impedance matching and multi-polarization processes. The composites exhibited a maximum reflection loss (RLmax) of -45.88 dB at 10.2 GHz with the thickness of 2.2 mm, and the effective absorbing bandwidth (EAB) was as wide as 5.