Hutchinsonandresen2743

While rodent-based models of BPD have tremendous advantages in terms of the availability of genetic tools, they also have considerable drawbacks, including limited utility for studying breathing mechanics, gas exchange, and pulmonary hemodynamics; and they have a less relevant clinical context where lung prematurity and a background of infection are now rarely present in the pathophysiology under study. There is a pressing need to refine existing models to better recapitulate pathological processes at play in affected infants, in order to better evaluate new candidate pharmacological and other interventions for the management of BPD.Most epidemiological studies of disease aetiology do not consider potential risk factors at work. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate This may be because work is a complex exposure people usually have a series of different jobs over their working lifetime; within each job there may be a range of different tasks; and there may be a variety of exposures in each job. Because of this complexity, many epidemiologists do not have the expertise or training to assess occupational exposures accurately. Our web-based application, OccIDEAS, manages the process of occupational agent assessment in epidemiological studies. The epidemiologist chooses the agents of interest for the study and OccIDEAS provides an online set of questionnaires that are tailored to those agents. The participant is asked specific questions about their job and evidence-based algorithms provide an assessment of exposure to each agent. OccIDEAS puts the world's best occupational epidemiological expertise within reach of any researcher.Odors from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have attracted extensive attention and stringent environmental standards are more widely adopted to reduce odor emissions. Biological odor treatment methods have broader applications than the physical and chemical counterparts as they are environment-friendly, cost-effective and generate low secondary wastes. The aqueous activated sludge (AS) processes are among the most promising approaches for the prevention or end-of-pipe removal of odor emissions and have the potential to simultaneously treat odor and wastewater. However, AS deodorization biotechnologies in WWTPs still need to be further systematically summarized and categorized while in-depth discussions on the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of AS deodorization process are still lacking. Recently, considerable studies have been reported to elucidate the microbial metabolisms in odor control and wastewater treatment. This paper reviews the fundamentals, characteristics, advances and field experiences of three AS biotechnologies for odor treatment in WWTPs, i.e., AS recycling, microaeration in AS digester and AS diffusion. The underlying deodorization mechanisms of typical odors have been revealed through the summary of recent advances on multi-element conversions, metabolic interactions of bacteria, microscopic characterization and identification of functional microorganisms. Future research aspects to advance the emerging deodorization AS process, such as deodorization mechanisms, simultaneous odor and water treatment, synergistic treatment with other air emissions, are discussed.This article recounts a teaching method employed in a mental health module delivered in Ireland to international nursing students. In it the authors propose that there is a place for innovative teaching methods which combine active learning, dialogue, hard-fun and metacognition to stimulate student engagement and rich learning. We discuss an innovation 'Movie-shoot' which incorporated role-play with an analytical commentary by a Greek Chorus of nursing students. We argue this flexible teaching method enhanced active and rich learning, critical reflection and engagement and may be appropriate for use in nursing education.Both direct and indirect evidence demonstrate a central role for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling pathway in the regulation of energy balance and metabolism across multiple systems. However, the ubiquitous pattern of PKA expression across cell types poses a challenge in pinpointing its tissue-specific regulatory functions, and further characterizing its many downstream effects in certain organs or cells. Mouse models of PKA deficiency and over-expression and studies in living cells have helped clarify PKA function in adipose tissue (AT), liver, adrenal, pancreas and specific brain nuclei, as they pertain to energy balance and metabolic dysregulation. Limited studies in humans suggest differential regulation of PKA in AT of obese compared to lean individuals and an overall dysregulation of PKA signaling in obesity. Despite its complexity, under normal physiologic conditions, the PKA system is tightly regulated by changes in cAMP concentrations upstream via adenylate cyclase, and downstream by phosphodiesterase-mediated cAMP degradation to AMP and by changes in PKA holoenzyme stability. Adjustments in the PKA system appear to be important to the development and maintenance of the obese state and its associated metabolic perturbations. In this review we discuss the important role of PKA in obesity and its involvement in resistance to obesity, through studies in humans and in mouse models, with a focus on the regulation of PKA in energy expenditure, intake behavior, and lipid and glucose metabolism.While no biomarker is currently recommended for the management of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PA), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) seems promising but little is known on how it may help to manage our patients in the near future. link2 This systematic review of literature was designed to explore the current knowledge on ctDNA as a screening, diagnostic, prognostic, predictive and theranostic biomarker in the management of PA. We retrieved 62 full-text articles, 3 meta-analyses, 2 clinical trials, 1 abstract and 13 ongoing trials. link3 Results were categorized into sections about screening, diagnosis, prognosis and follow-up of localized and advanced PA together with possible theranostics applications. Although its specificity is excellent, the current sensitivity of ctDNA remains a limitation especially in patients without metastatic disease. Therefore, this biomarker cannot be currently used as a screening or diagnostic tool. Increasing evidence suggests that ctDNA is a relevant candidate biomarker to assess minimal residual disease after radical surgery, but also a strong independent biomarker linked to a poor prognosis in advanced PA. Some recent data also indicates that ctDNA is an attractive biomarker for longitudinal follow-up and possibly early treatment adaptation. Its role in tumor profiling in advanced disease to decide targeted treatments remains to be explored. Altogether, ctDNA appears to be a reliable prognostic tool. Though promising results have been reported, further studies are still needed to define exactly how ctDNA can help physicians in the screening, diagnosis and treatment, as PA is expected to become a major cause of cancer-related deaths in the forthcoming decade.The purpose of this research was to explore various allometric scaling models for dietary nutrients to improve translational validity between preclinical experimental rodent models and humans, focusing on polyunsaturated fats. Currently, there is no authoritative document that provides standardized guidelines for which dietary designs can be based on to improve translational fidelity between species. This paper reviews the challenges of using a rodent model, the major allometric scaling models, the use of these mathematical models to extrapolate human equivalent doses, and then tests one of these models using data generated in mice, with comparisons of data generated in human clinical trials. Mice were fed diets containing micro- and macronutrient compositions that approximated the US diet based on energy distribution and were then supplemented with increasing levels of various n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids at human equivalent doses. Changes in plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid phospholipid compositions were determined and compared to corresponding data generated in humans. Our findings suggest that basing lipid composition on percent of energy may result in comparable outcomes between mice and humans and that extrapolation of non-energy producing nutrients between species might be done using differences in energy needs (based on food intake).Background The second decade of 2000s is witnessing a new ovarian cancer (OC) paradigm shift thanks to the results recently obtained by a new class of targeted agents the Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP)-Inhibitors (PARPi). Aim of this meta-analysis is to analyze available results obtained with PARPi, administered alone or in combination with chemo- and/or target-therapies in terms of efficacy and safety for the treatment of recurrent and primary advanced OC. Methods On December 2019, all published phase II/III randomized clinical studies were systematically searched using the terms "[Parp-Inhibitor] AND [ovar*]". Twelve phase II/III randomized controlled trials were identified, with a total number of 5171 patients included. Results Results demonstrated that PARPi account for a significant improvement of PFS in both recurrent and primary OC setting, independently from their administration schedule and independently from patients' BRCA mutational status. Moreover, patients harboring a Homologous Recombination Deficiency (HRD) positive testing primary or recurrent OC progress significantly later after PARPi administration/association. Results also reported that PARPi increase the occurrence of severe (G3-G4) anemia. Furthermore, severe fatigue occurred more frequently among patients subjected to PARPi combined with chemotherapy and to PARPi plus Bevacizumab. Finally, a significant increase in severe high blood pressure occurrence was observed when PARPi was added to antiangiogenetics, compared to PARPi alone but a significant decrease in G3-G4 hypertension occurrence was found in PARPi plus bevacizumab users compared to Bevacizumab alone. Conclusions PARPi are a valid option for the treatment of both primary and relapsed OC patients, with a relative low incidence of severe side effects.This study reviews the relevant epidemiological studies associating cutaneous melanoma and breast carcinomas and provides an overview of the possible genetic, biological and bias factors that underpin this relationship. Standardised incidence ratio (SIR) for primary cutaneous melanoma after breast carcinoma ranged from 1.16 to 5.13 and ranged from 1.03 to 4.10 for primary breast carcinoma after cutaneous melanoma. Epidemiological studies highlight age, gender and use of radiotherapy and chemotherapy as potential risk factors for second primary cancers (SPCs). Mutations in BRCA2, CDKN2A, CDK4 and BAP1 may partly underlie any SPC association. The impact of socio-cultural factors and surveillance bias may be attributed to the findings of SPC partially or entirely. In conclusion, this study has highlighted the association between breast carcinoma and melanoma and identified various factors for further research and the optimised management of patients with both cancers.