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The aim was to investigate with very large scale analyses whether there are underlying functional connectivity differences between humans that relate to food reward; and whether these in turn are associated with being overweight. In 37,286 humans from the UK Biobank resting state functional connectivities of the orbitofrontal cortex, especially with the anterior cingulate cortex, were positively correlated with the liking for sweet foods (FDR p less then 0.05). They were also positively correlated with the body mass index (BMI) (FDR p less then 0.05). Moreover, in a sample of 502,492 people, the 'liking for sweet foods' was correlated with their BMI (r=0.06, p less then 10-125). In a cross-validation with 545 participants from the Human Connectome Project, higher functional connectivity involving the orbitofrontal cortex relative to other brain areas was associated with high BMI (≥30) compared to a mid-BMI group (22-25; p=6x10-5); and low orbitofrontal cortex functional connectivity was associated with low BMI (≤20.5; p less then 0.024). It is proposed that high BMI relates to increased efficacy of orbitofrontal cortex food reward systems, and low BMI to decreased efficacy. This was found with no stimulation by food, so may be an underlying individual difference in brain connectivity that is related to food reward and BMI.In this paper, we depict the episodic nature of illegal gun carrying and test its co-occurrence with gun violence victimization and exposure. We tested differences in differences using data from the Pathways to Desistance Study originally collected between 2000 and 2010 on young people adjudicated for serious involvement in crime. We then tested the changes in gun victimization experiences attending gun carrying changes for this sample. We found gun victimization to be highest during periods of gun carrying, and this correspondence holds regardless of future or past gun carrying behavior. This manifests both in direct victimization and witnessing gun violence. Even among gun carriers, episodes of non-carrying are common with 76.4% of gun carriers in a one-year period also reporting a pause in their carrying behavior of at least six months. Gun carrying and gun violence exposure co-occur at a high rate. During any period of gun carrying, the carrier has at least a 2% chance of getting shot versus near 0% for periods of non-carrying. Our results suggest that illegal gun carrying is malleable and public health efforts to reduce the incidence of gun carrying could yield meaningful reductions in violence.All Right? is a wellbeing campaign developed in response to the devastating Canterbury earthquakes of 2010 and 2011. NSC 167409 purchase Vulnerable groups post-disaster include people with a prior history of or unresolved mental illness. This research focussed on the reach and impact of All Right? specifically for tangata whaiora/mental health service users. Evaluation objectives were primarily focussed on assessing the extent which mental health service users engaged with All Right? and to determine the impact of this interaction. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to gather data. Findings indicated that mental health service users responded to All Right? to a greater extent than the general target population, e.g. about one-third (37%) of respondents to a population based Christchurch survey agreed that they had done activities as a result of what they had seen or heard of the All Right? campaign compared with approximately two-thirds (68%) of respondents to the mental health service users' survey. One of the key factors facilitating mental health service users' engagement with All Right? appears to be that the campaign was directed at whole-of-population level, therefore engagement was not defined by being a mental health service user. Engagement was also likely to be facilitated by the campaigns perceived impact of reducing mental illness-related stigma. This research concluded that population-wide wellbeing campaigns in the post-disaster context, when done well, can positively impact the wellbeing of the overall population, including mental health service users.Intra-cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has a devastating impact on the neonatal population. Whether thrombocytopenia is sufficient to cause ICH in neonates is debated. In this study we have comprehensively investigated the consequences of severe thrombocytopenia on the integrity of the cerebral vasculature using two orthogonal approaches genetically, by studying embryogenesis in the Nfe2-/- mouse line; and using biologics (anti-GP1Ba antibodies) to induce severe thrombocytopenia at defined times during development. Using a mouse model, we present data herein that not only demonstrate that platelets are required throughout fetal development and into neonatal life to maintain the integrity of the cerebral vasculature to prevent hemorrhage, but also that the location of cerebral hemorrhage is dependent on the timing during development when thrombocytopenia occurs. Importantly, this study demonstrates that thrombocytopenia-associated fetal/neonatal ICH occurs within regions of the brain which, in humans, could lead to neurological damage.Validating baking ovens as a microbial kill step, using thermal inactivation models, is desirable; however, traditional isothermal models may not be appropriate for these dynamic processes, yet they are being used by the food industry. Previous research indicates that the impact of additional process conditions, such as process humidity, should be considered when validating thermal processes for the control of microbial hazards in low-moisture foods. In this study, the predictive performance of traditional and modified thermal inactivation kinetic models accounting for process humidity were assessed for predicting bacterial inactivation of Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 in a multi-ingredient composite food during baking. Ingredients (milk powder, protein powder, peanut butter, and whole wheat flour), individually inoculated to ~6 logCFU/g and equilibrated to a water activity of 0.25, were mixed to form a dough. An isothermal inactivation study was conducted for the dough to obtain traditional D- and z- values (n=63).