Hubbardterkelsen8148

We suggest that such membranes have unexpected potential as nanoscale systems with striking materials characteristics.

HydroxyEthyl Starch (HES) has been one of the most commonly used colloid volume expanders in intensive care units for over 50 years. The first and second generation HES, with a high molecular weight (≥200 kD) and a high degree of substitution (≥0.5), has been associated with both renal dysfunction and osmotic nephrosis-like lesions in histological studies. Recently, third generation HES (130 kD/<0.5) has also been shown to impair renal function in critically ill adult patients although tubular accumulation of HES has never been proven in the human kidney. Our objective was to demonstrate the potential of Raman micro-imaging to bring out the presence of third generation-HES in the kidney of patients having received the volume expander.

Four biopsies presenting osmotic nephrosis-like lesions originated from HES-administrated patients with impaired renal function were compared with HES-negative biopsies (n = 10) by Raman microspectroscopy.

The first step was dedicated to the identification of a specificdidate technique to detect HES in kidney tissue samples currently manipulated in nephrology departments. In addition, on the clinical aspect, our approach suggests that renal impairment related to third generation HES administration is associated with osmotic nephrosis-like lesions and HES accumulation in the kidney.Reactions of Hg(OTeF5)2 with excess amounts of NSF3 at 0 °C result in the formation of NSF3 adducts having the compositions [Hg(OTeF5)2·N≡SF3]∞ (1), [Hg(OTeF5)2·2N≡SF3]2 (2), and Hg3(OTeF5)6·4N≡SF3 (3). When the reactions are carried out at room temperature, oxygen/fluorine metatheses occur yielding the F2OSN- derivatives [Hg(OTeF5)(N═SOF2)·N≡SF3]∞ (4) and [Hg3(OTeF5)5(N═SOF2)·2N≡SF3]2 (5). The proposed reaction pathway leading to F2OSN- group formation occurs by nucleophilic attack by a F5TeO- group at the sulfur(VI) atom of NSF3, followed by TeF6 elimination. Tellurium hexafluoride formation was confirmed by (19)F NMR spectroscopy. The NSF3 molecules are terminally N-coordinated to mercury, whereas the F2OSN- ligands are N-bridged to two mercury atoms. The compound series was characterized by low-temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction and low-temperature Raman spectroscopy. Several structural motifs are observed within this structurally diverse series. These include the infinite chain structures of the related compounds, 1 and 4; 2, a dimeric structure which possesses an (HgO(μ))2 ring at its core; 3, a structure based on a cage comprised of a (HgO(μ))3 ring that is capped on each face by μ(3)-oxygen bridged F5TeO- groups; and 5, a dimeric structure possessing two distorted (Hg3O2N) rings that are formally derived from 3 by replacement of a F5TeO- group by a F2OSN- group in each ring. Quantum-chemical calculations were carried out to gain insight into the bonding of the μ(3)-oxygen bridged teflate groups observed in structure 3. Compounds 1-5 represent a novel class of neutral transition metal complexes with NSF3, providing the first examples of NSF3 coordination to mercury. Compounds 4 and 5 also provide the only examples of F2OSN- derivatives of mercury that have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

HIV infection is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease beyond that explained by traditional risk factors, and altered gut microbiota has been proposed as a potential trigger. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a proatherogenic substance formed in the liver from trimethylamine, exclusively generated by gut microbiota from dietary phosphatidylcholine. We aimed to investigate whether TMAO is associated with subclinical and clinical coronary heart disease in HIV infection.

Two previously described cohorts were examined as follows (1) cross-sectional cohort of HIV-infected persons and uninfected controls with known atherosclerotic plaque burden as assessed by myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, coronary artery calcium score, and intima-media thickness and (2) nested case-control study of HIV-infected persons with first-time myocardial infarction (MI) compared with HIV-infected persons without MI, assessed at 4 time points from before initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to last sample befls.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily oral emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) prevents HIV infection. The safety and feasibility of HIV PrEP in the setting of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were evaluated.

The Iniciativa Profilaxis Pre-Exposición study randomized 2499 HIV-negative men and transgender women who have sex with men to once-daily oral FTC/TDF versus placebo. Hepatitis serologies and transaminases were obtained at screening and at the time PrEP was discontinued. HBV DNA was assessed by polymerase chain reaction, and drug resistance was assessed by population sequencing. Vaccination was offered to individuals susceptible to HBV infection.

Of the 2499 participants, 12 (0.5%; including 6 randomized to FTC/TDF) had chronic HBV infection. After stopping FTC/TDF, 5 of the 6 participants in the active arm had liver function tests performed at follow-up. Liver function tests remained within normal limits at post-stop visits except for a grade 1 elevation in 1 participanommendations for its use, yet uptake and efficacy were high when offered.

Voluntary medical male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV heterosexual transmission in men, but its effect on male-to-male sexual transmission is uncertain.

Circumcision status of men who have sex with men (MSM) in China was evaluated by genital examination and self-report; anal sexual role was assessed by questionnaire interview. see more Serostatus for HIV and syphilis was confirmed.

Among 1155 participants (242 were seropositive and 913 with unknown HIV status at enrollment), the circumcision rate by self-report (10.4%) was higher than confirmed by genital examination (8.2%). Male circumcision (by examination) was associated with 47% lower odds of being HIV seropositive [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.27 to 1.02] after adjusting for demographic covariates, number of lifetime male sexual partners, and anal sex role. Among MSM who predominantly practiced insertive anal sex, circumcised men had 62% lower odds of HIV infection than those who were uncircumcised (aOR 0.38; 95% CI 0.09 to 1.64). Among those whose anal sex position was predominantly receptive or versatile, circumcised men have 46% lower odds of HIV infection than did men who were not circumcised (aOR 0.54; 95% CI 0.25 to 1.14). Compared to uncircumcised men reporting versatile or predominantly receptive anal sex positioning, those who were circumcised and reported practicing insertive sex had an 85% lower risk (aOR 0.15; 95% CI 0.04 to 0.65). Circumcision was not associated clearly with lower syphilis risk (aOR 0.91; 95% CI 0.51 to 1.61).

Circumcised MSM were less likely to have acquired HIV, most pronounced among men predominantly practicing insertive anal intercourse. A clinical trial is needed.

Circumcised MSM were less likely to have acquired HIV, most pronounced among men predominantly practicing insertive anal intercourse. A clinical trial is needed.

Highly potent broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) have been obtained from individuals infected by HIV-1 group M variants. We analyzed the cross-group neutralization potency of these bNAbs toward non-M primary isolates (PI).

The sensitivity to neutralization was analyzed in a neutralization assay using TZM-bl cells. Twenty-three bNAbs were used, including reagents targeting the CD4-binding site, the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site, the N332 glycan-V3 site, the membrane proximal external region of gp41, and complex epitopes spanning both env subunits. Two bispecific antibodies that combine the inhibitory activity of an anti-CD4 with that of PG9 or PG16 bNAbs were included in the study (PG9-iMab and PG16-iMab).

Cross-group neutralization was observed only with the bNAbs targeting the N160 glycan-V1/V2 site. Four group O PIs, 1 group N PI, and the group P PI were neutralized by PG9 and/or PG16 or PGT145 at low concentrations (0.04-9.39 μg/mL). None of the non-M PIs was neutralized by the bNAbs targeting other regions at the highest concentration tested, except 10E8 that neutralized weakly 2 group N PIs and 35O22 that neutralized 1 group O PI. The bispecific bNAbs neutralized very efficiently all the non-M PIs with IC50 below 1 μg/mL, except 2 group O strains.

The N160 glycan-V1/V2 site is the most conserved neutralizing site within the 4 groups of HIV-1. This makes it an interesting target for the development of HIV vaccine immunogens. The corresponding bNAbs may be useful for immunotherapeutic strategies in patients infected by non-M variants.

The N160 glycan-V1/V2 site is the most conserved neutralizing site within the 4 groups of HIV-1. This makes it an interesting target for the development of HIV vaccine immunogens. The corresponding bNAbs may be useful for immunotherapeutic strategies in patients infected by non-M variants.

Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was associated with increased HIV transmission and accelerated disease progression in untreated women. The potential underlying mechanisms include immune modulation. We evaluated the effect of a single DMPA injection on cell-mediated immunity (CMI), T-cell activation, T-cell regulation (Treg), and inflammation in HIV-infected women on combination antiretroviral regimen (cART).

Women with HIV plasma RNA ≤ 400 copies per milliliter on stable cART received DMPA and had immunologic and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) measurements at baseline, 4 weeks [peak MPA concentration (Cmax)], and 12 weeks [highest MPA area under the concentration curve].

At baseline, among 24 women with median age of 32 years and 622 CD4(+) cells per microliter, ≥ 68% had HIV, varicella-zoster virus, phytohemagglutinin A and CD3/CD28 CMI measured by lymphocyte proliferation, and/or IFNγ/IL2 dual-color fluorospot. CMI did not significantly change after DMPA administration except for a 1.4-fold increase in IL2/IFNγ varicella-zoster virus fluorospot at week 12. T-cell activation decreased after DMPA administration, reaching statistical significance at week 12 for CD4(+)CD25+%. Treg behaved heterogeneously with an increase in CD8+FOXP3+% at week 4 and a decrease in CD4+IL35+% at week 12. There was a decrease in TGFβ at week 12 and no other changes in plasma biomarkers. Correlation analyses showed that high MPA Cmax and/or area under the concentration curve were significantly associated with increases of IFNγ HIV enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot, CD4+IL35+%, and CD4+TGFβ+% Treg and decreases of plasma IL10 from baseline to weeks 4 and/or 12.

A single dose of DMPA did not have immune-suppressive or pro-inflammatory effects in HIV-infected women on cART. Additional studies need to assess the effect of multiple doses.

A single dose of DMPA did not have immune-suppressive or pro-inflammatory effects in HIV-infected women on cART. Additional studies need to assess the effect of multiple doses.