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t in the purview of mainstream breeding while deploying tools and techniques to increase the recombination rate in wide crosses and reduce the linkage drag. The resurgence of interest in introgression breeding needs to be capitalized for development of commercial food legume cultivars.Crop improvement for Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) requires a well-defined phenotype and genotype, especially for different N-forms. As N-supply enhances growth, we comprehensively evaluated 25 commonly measured phenotypic parameters for N response using 4 N treatments in six indica rice genotypes. For this, 32 replicate potted plants were grown in the green-house on nutrient-depleted sand. They were fertilized to saturation with media containing either nitrate or urea as the sole N source at normal (15 mM N) or low level (1.5 mM N). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sar439859.html The variation in N-response among genotypes differed by N form/dose and increased developmentally from vegetative to reproductive parameters. This indicates survival adaptation by reinforcing variation in every generation. Principal component analysis segregated vegetative parameters from reproduction and germination. Analysis of variance revealed that relative to low level, normal N facilitated germination, flowering and vegetative growth but limited yield and NUE. Network analysis for the most connected parameters, their correlation with yield and NUE, ranking by Feature selection and validation by Partial least square discriminant analysis enabled shortlisting of eight parameters for NUE phenotype. It constitutes germination and flowering, shoot/root length and biomass parameters, six of which were common to nitrate and urea. Field-validation confirmed the NUE differences between two genotypes chosen phenotypically. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sar439859.html The correspondence between multiple approaches in shortlisting parameters for NUE makes it a novel and robust phenotyping methodology of relevance to other plants, nutrients or other complex traits. Thirty-Four N-responsive genes associated with the phenotype have also been identified for genotypic characterization of NUE.Lucerne (Medicago sativa), a major perennial pasture legume, belongs to a species complex that includes several subspecies with wild and cultivated populations. link2 Stand establishment may be compromised by poor germination. Seed scarification, deterioration and temperature have an impact on germination. The objective of this study was to analyse the genetic diversity of lucerne germination in response to three factors (1) temperature, with seven constant temperatures ranging from 5 to 40°C, was tested on 38 accessions, (2) seed scarification was tested on the same accessions at 5 and 22°C, (3) seed deterioration was tested on two accessions and two seed lots at the seven temperatures. The germination dynamics of seed lots over time was modelled and three parameters were analysed germinability (germination capacity), maximum germination rate (maximum% of seeds germinating per time unit), and lag time before the first seed germinates. Seed scarification enhanced germinability at both temperatures and its effect waThese new findings give insights on adaptation and domestication of lucerne in its wide geographic area. They suggest further improvement of germination is needed, especially when introducing wild material in breeding pools to remove scarification requirements and to limit differences in response to temperature.Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world's staple food crops and one of the most devastating foliar diseases attacking wheat is powdery mildew (PM). In Denmark only a few specific fungicides are available for controlling PM and the use of resistant cultivars is often recommended. In this study, two Chinese wheat landraces and two synthetic hexaploid wheat lines were used as donors for creating four multi-parental populations with a total of 717 individual lines to identify new PM resistance genetic variants. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sar439859.html These lines and the nine parental lines (including the elite cultivars used to create the populations) were genotyped using a 20 K Illumina SNP chip, which resulted in 8,902 segregating single nucleotide polymorphisms for assessment of the population structure and whole genome association study. The largest genetic difference among the lines was between the donors and the elite cultivars, the second largest genetic difference was between the different donors; a difference that was also reflected in differences between the four multi-parental populations. The 726 lines were phenotyped for PM resistance in 2017 and 2018. A high PM disease pressure was observed in both seasons, with severities ranging from 0 to >50%. link3 link2 Whole genome association studies for genetic variation in PM resistance in the populations revealed significant markers mapped to either chromosome 2A, B, or D in each of the four populations. However, linkage disequilibrium between these putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) were all above 0.80, probably representing a single QTL. A combined analysis of all the populations confirmed this result and the most associated marker explained 42% of the variation in PM resistance. This study gives both knowledge about the resistance as well as molecular tools and plant material that can be utilised in marker-assisted selection. Additionally, the four populations produced in this study are highly suitable for association studies of other traits than PM resistance.Salt stress is an adverse environmental factor for plant growth and development. Under salt stress, plants can activate the selective autophagy pathway to alleviate stress. However, the regulatory mechanism of selective autophagy in response to salt stress remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the selective autophagy receptor PagNBR1 (neighbor of BRCA1) is induced by salt stress in Populus. Overexpression of PagNBR1 in poplar enhanced salt stress tolerance. Compared with wild type (WT) plants, the transgenic lines exhibited higher antioxidant enzyme activity, less reactive oxygen species (ROS), and higher net photosynthesis rates under salt stress. Furthermore, co-localization and yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that PagNBR1 was localized in the autophagosome and could interact with ATG8 (autophagy-related gene). PagNBR1 transgenic poplars formed more autophagosomes and exhibited higher expression of ATG8, resulting in less accumulation of insoluble protein and insoluble ubiquitinated protein compared to WT under salt stress. link2 The accumulation of insoluble protein and insoluble ubiquitinated protein was similar under the treatment of ConA in WT and transgenic lines. In summary, our results imply that PagNBR1 is an important selective autophagy receptor in poplar and confers salt tolerance by accelerating antioxidant system activity and autophagy activity. Moreover, the NBR1 gene is an important potential molecular target for improving stress resistance in trees.Ectopic lymphoid tissues (eLTs) characterized by B cell aggregation contribute to the local immunoglobulin production in nasal polyps (NPs). B cell-activating factor (BAFF) is vital for B cell survival, proliferation, and maturation. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether BAFF is involved in the B cell survival and eLT formation in NPs. The mRNA and protein levels of BAFF in NP tissues with and without eLTs were detected by PCR and ELISA assay, respectively. The cellular sources of BAFF and active caspase-3-positive B cells in NPs were studied by immunofluorescence staining. B cells purified from NP tissues were stimulated with BAFF and were analyzed by flow cytometry. Stromal cells purified from NP tissues were stimulated with lymphotoxin (LT) α1β2, and BAFF levels in culture supernatants were analyzed by ELISA. Compared with those in control tissues and NPs without eLTs, the BAFF levels were elevated in NPs with eLTs. Abundant BAFF-positive cells and few active caspase-3-positive apoptotic B cells were found in NPs with eLTs, in contrast to those in NPs without eLTs. There was a negative correlation between the numbers of BAFF-positive cells and frequencies of apoptotic B cells in total B cells in NP tissues. BAFF protected nasal polyp B cells from apoptosis in vitro. Stromal cells were an important cellular source of BAFF in NPs with eLTs. LTα1β2 induced BAFF production from nasal stromal cells in vitro. We propose that BAFF contribute to eLT formation in NPs by promoting B cell survival.

Due to recent advantages in cancer therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are new classes of drugs targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand programmed cell death protein 1-ligand 1 (PD-L1) used in many cancer therapies. Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a potential and deleterious immune-related adverse events (irAE) in the kidney observed in patients receiving ICIs and the most common biopsy-proven diagnosis in patients who develop acute kidney injury (AKI). Based on previous reports, AIN in patients receiving ICIs is associated with tubular positivity for PD-L1, implicating that PD-L1 positivity reflects susceptibility to develop renal complications with these agents. It remains unclear if PD-L1 positivity is acquired specifically during ICI therapy or expressed independently in the kidney.

PD-L1 was analyzed in experimental mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), folic acid-induced nephropathy (FAN), unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), and nephrotoxic serum therapy and could potentially be a pre-requisit for susceptibility to develop AKI and deleterious immune-related AIN. Because non-invasive detection of PD-L1

cells in corresponding urine samples correlates with intrarenal PD-L1 positivity, it is attractive to speculate that further non-invasive detection of PD-L1

cells may identify patients at risk for ICI-related AIN.

Our study implicates that PD-L1 is frequently expressed in various renal pathologies independent of ICI therapy and could potentially be a pre-requisit for susceptibility to develop AKI and deleterious immune-related AIN. link3 Because non-invasive detection of PD-L1+ cells in corresponding urine samples correlates with intrarenal PD-L1 positivity, it is attractive to speculate that further non-invasive detection of PD-L1+ cells may identify patients at risk for ICI-related AIN.Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) provide essential clues for the proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation of thymocytes. Recent advances in mouse and human have revealed that TECs constitute a highly heterogeneous cell population with distinct functional properties. Importantly, TECs are sensitive to thymic damages engendered by myeloablative conditioning regimen used for bone marrow transplantation. link3 These detrimental effects on TECs delay de novo T-cell production, which can increase the risk of morbidity and mortality in many patients. Alike that TECs guide the development of thymocytes, reciprocally thymocytes control the differentiation and organization of TECs. These bidirectional interactions are referred to as thymic crosstalk. The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) member, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (RANK) and its cognate ligand RANKL have emerged as key players of the crosstalk between TECs and thymocytes. RANKL, mainly provided by positively selected CD4+ thymocytes and a subset of group 3 innate lymphoid cells, controls mTEC proliferation/differentiation and TEC regeneration.