Housemccullough6132

While we found no evidence for total cerebellar volume alterations with increased polygenic scores for any thyroid trait, opposing influences of increased polygenic scores for hypo- and hyperthyroidism were found in the pallidum (PT < 1e-3 β [95% CI] = -0.02 [-0.03, -0.01], P = 0.0003 and PT < 1e-7 β [95% CI] = 0.02 [0.01, 0.03], P = 0.0003, respectively). read more Neither hypo- nor hyperthyroidism showed evidence of regional genetic pleiotropy with ADHD.

Thyroid status affects gray matter volume in adults, particularly at the level of the cerebellum and pallidum, with potential implications for the regulation of motor, cognitive, and affective function.

Thyroid status affects gray matter volume in adults, particularly at the level of the cerebellum and pallidum, with potential implications for the regulation of motor, cognitive, and affective function.

Gastroenteritis is a common and impactful disease in childhood. Probiotics are often used to treat acute gastroenteritis (AGE); however, in a large multicenter randomized controlled trial (RCT) in 971 children, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) was no better than placebo in improving patient outcomes.

We sought to determine whether the effect of LGG is associated with age, weight z score and weight percentile adjusted for age and sex, or dose per kilogram administered.

This was a preplanned secondary analysis of a multicenter double-blind RCT of LGG 1× 1010 CFU twice daily for 5 d or placebo in children 3-48 mo of age with AGE. Our primary outcome was moderate to severe gastroenteritis. Secondary outcomes included diarrhea and vomiting frequency and duration, chronic diarrhea, and side effects. We used multivariable linear and nonlinear models testing for interaction effects to assess outcomes by age, weight z score and weight percentile adjusted for age and sex, and dose per kilogram of LGG received.

trials which demonstrate that LGG provides no clinical benefit in children with AGE.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01773967.

LGG does not improve outcomes in children with AGE regardless of the age, adjusted weight z score, and adjusted weight percentile of participants, or the probiotic dose per kilogram received. These results further strengthen the conclusions of low risk of bias clinical trials which demonstrate that LGG provides no clinical benefit in children with AGE.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01773967.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with an increase in psychiatric comorbidity (PC) compared with the general population. We aimed to determine the impact of PC on health care utilization in persons with IBD.

We applied a validated administrative definition of IBD to identify all Manitobans with IBD from April 1, 2006, to March 31, 2016, and a matched cohort without IBD. A validated definition for PC in IBD population was applied to both cohorts; active PC status meant ≥2 visits for psychiatric diagnoses within a given year. We examined the association of active PC with physician visits, inpatient hospital days, proportion with inpatient hospitalization, and use of prescription IBD medications in the following year. We tested for the presence of a 2-way interaction between cohort and PC status.

Our study matched 8459 persons with IBD to 40,375 controls. On crude analysis, IBD subjects had ≥3.7 additional physician visits, had >1.5 extra hospital days, and used 2.1 more drug types annually than controls. Subjects with active PC had >10 more physician visits, had 3.1 more hospital days, and used >6.3 more drugs. There was a synergistic effect of IBD (vs no IBD) and PC (vs no PC) across psychiatric disorders of around 4%. This synergistic effect was greatest for anxiety (6% [2%, 9%]). After excluding psychiatry-related visits and psychiatry-related hospital stays, there remained an excess health care utilization in persons with IBD and PC.

Inflammatory bowel disease with PC increases health care utilization compared with matched controls and compared with persons with IBD without PC. Active PC further increases health care utilization.

Inflammatory bowel disease with PC increases health care utilization compared with matched controls and compared with persons with IBD without PC. Active PC further increases health care utilization.

Classical statistics were developed in a time when small sample sizes were the norm; thus, statistical significance typically ensured large clinical effects. Over the past 10-20 years, computational techniques have allowed studies with modest effects to reach statistical significance (usually P < 0.05) by analyzing very large numbers of patients. In this review, I discuss how this came about and provide an intuitive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of various statistical parameters that provide insight into clinical effect sizes.

In this review of the literature, a simple web-based program was used for calculations. Examples are shown. Odds and risk ratios are compared with ROC curves to allow better understanding of their predictive value.

In these complex times, an intuitive understanding of statistical procedures is increasingly important. This review will attempt to advance the reader's knowledge so that one can calculate the number needed to treat and its confidence interval, understand the meaning of a modest association, and determine when a study is likely to be accurate but with questionable clinical utility.

In these complex times, an intuitive understanding of statistical procedures is increasingly important. This review will attempt to advance the reader's knowledge so that one can calculate the number needed to treat and its confidence interval, understand the meaning of a modest association, and determine when a study is likely to be accurate but with questionable clinical utility.The generation of inhibitory interneurons from neural stem cells in the subependymal zone is regulated by trophic factors. Reduced levels of trophic factors are associated with inhibitory interneuron dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in psychiatric disorders, yet the extent to which altered trophic support may underpin deficits in inhibitory interneuron generation in the neurogenic niche remains unexplored in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We determined whether the expression of ligands, bioavailability-regulating binding proteins, and cognate receptors of 4 major trophic factor families (insulin-like growth factor [IGF], epidermal growth factor [EGF], fibroblast growth factor [FGF], and brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]) are changed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder compared to controls. We used robust linear regression analyses to determine whether altered expression of trophic factor family members predicts neurogenesis marker expression across diagnostic groups. We found that IGF1 mRNA was decreased in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder compared with controls (P ≤ .