Hongtroelsen0519

Engine coolant, lubricating oil and exhaust temperatures, injection timing, cylinder pressure, and rate of heat release data were used to explain the observed trends. Results showed that cold-operation NOx, NO2, and NO2/NOx ratio were 31-60%, 1.14-2.42 times, and 3-8% higher than the hot-operation, respectively. In most stages, NO2 and the NO2/NOx ratio with diesel had the lowest value and they increased with an increase of biofuel in the blend. An injection strategy change significantly shifted the in-cylinder pressure and heat release diagrams, aligned with the sudden NOx drop during the engine warm-up. The adverse effect of cold-operation on NOx emissions increased with increasing biofuel share.Pharmaceutically active compounds are increasingly detected in raw and treated wastewater, surface water, and drinking water worldwide. These compounds can cause adverse effects to the ecosystem even at low concentrations and, to assess these impacts, toxicity tests are essential. However, the toxicity data are scarce for many PhACs, and when available, they are dispersed in the literature. The values of pharmaceuticals concentration in the environment and toxicity data are essential for measuring their environmental and human health risks. Thus this review verified the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment and the toxicity related to them. The risk assessment was also carried out. Diclofenac, naproxen, erythromycin, roxithromycin, and 17β-estradiol presented a high environment risk and 17α-ethinylestradiol presented a high human health risk. This shows the potential of these pharmaceuticals to cause adverse effects to the ecosystem and humans and establishes the necessity of their removal through advanced technologies.The continuous influx of opioid compounds into aquatic environments has become an increasing and persistent concern, due to their extensive use. This is especially alarming as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are unable to completely remove them. Despite the reported health concerns, the occurrence of opioid compounds in the environment has not received much attention. The present study investigates the occurrence of 19 opioids in four WWTPs and their respective receiving water bodies. All wastewater samples revealed opioids at concentration ranging from ng/L to μg/L with most influents having higher concentrations than effluents. WWTPs appeared to perform poorly (p > 0.05 between influents and effluents), and were unable to remove some opioids including Methadone (-27.3%) from the Leeuwkuil WWTP, Codeine (-21.7%) and Thebaine (-3.77%) from the Sandspruit WWTP, and Hydrocodone (-1.06%) from the Meyerton WWTP, respectively. Samples collected from the Leeuwkuil WWTP were the most contaminated, with eighteen out of nineteen opioid analogues exceeding 1 μg/L. Upstream surface water contained less opioids (most less then LOQ) than downstream (p less then 0.05), with Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, Hydromorphone, Fentanyl, Ketamine and Dihydrocodeine not detected. The occurrence of high concentrations of opioid analogues in downstream surface water (298 ng/L -10.8 μg/L for Klip River, 4.49 ng/L -13.1 μg/L for Vaal River, 70.5 ng/L -10.0 μg/L for Soutspruit River and 8.0 ng/L - 2.43 μg/L for Sun Spruit River) was directly linked to their mass loads in the respective wastewater effluent samples.Traffic-related air pollutants are major contributors to deteriorating urban air quality and pose a serious threat to pedestrians. From both a scientific and a regulatory standpoint, it is important and challenging to understand the contributions of local and non-local sources to accurately apportion specific sources such as traffic emissions contribution to on-road and near-road microenvironment air quality. In this study, we deployed mobile sensors on-board buses to monitor NO, NO2, CO and PM2.5 along ten important routes in Hong Kong. The measurements include two seasons April 2017 and July 2017. Two types of baseline extraction methods were evaluated and applied to separate local and background concentrations. The results show NO and NO2 are locally dominated air pollutants in spring, constituting 72%-84% and 58%-71%, respectively, with large inter-road variation. PM2.5 and CO largely arise from background sources, which contribute 55%-65% and 73%-79% respectively. PM2.5 displays a homogeneous spatial pattern, and the contributions show seasonal change, decreasing during summer. Regional transport pollution is the primary contributor during high pollution episodes. Isolated vehicle plumes show highly skewed concentration distributions. There are characteristic polluted segments on routes and they are most evident at rush hours. The most polluted road segments (top 10%) cluster at tunnel entrances and congested points. Some of these polluted locations were observed in Hong Kong's Low Emission Zones and suggest limitations to the existing control strategies, which only address larger buses. Our work gives new insights in the importance of regional cooperation to improve background air pollution combined with local control strategies to improve roadside air quality in Hong Kong.The bioaccumulation and adverse effects of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) on human health have become a global concern. China produces the largest amount of OPFRs globally and has the highest global market share. However, little is known about its emission level and environmental cycling, thereby causing uncertainties in the assessment of the environmental and health impacts of OPFRs. We developed a gridded annual OPFRs emission inventory at 1/4° longitude by 1/4° latitude resolution over China from 2014 to 2018. The results show that the annual OPFRs emissions increased from approximately 670 tons/yr in 2014 to 1000 tons/yr in 2018 in China. Higher OPFR emissions were identified in Jiangxi, Shandong, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and Pearl River Delta (PRD). In total, 2400 tons of OPFRs were released into the atmosphere during the multi-year period, in which production accounting for 56.6% of total OPFR emissions in China. An atmospheric transport model, the Canadian Model for Environmental Transport of Organochlorine Pesticides (CanMETOP), was employed to verify the gridded emission inventory and elucidate the atmospheric environmental fate of OPFRs. Modeled OPFRs in the air and soil agreed reasonably well with observed data, suggesting that the developed inventory was, to a large extent, reliable. The modeled atmospheric and surface soil concentrations of OPFRs across China ranged from 0 to 119 ng/m3 and 0 to 428 ng/g, respectively. MK-0822 East China is subjected to more intense OPFR contamination than the rest of the country. The results provide a valuable dataset and assessment of OPFRs, which may aid policy-makers and the scientific community in developing emission control strategies and evaluating the health and environmental consequences of OPFRs in China.As replacements for "old" organohalides, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), "new" organohalides have been developed, including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and perfluorobutyrate (PFBA). In the past decade, these emerging organohalides (EOHs) have been extensively produced as industrial and consumer products, resulting in their widespread environmental distribution. This review comprehensively summarizes the environmental occurrence and remediation methods for typical EOHs. Based on the data collected from 2015 to 2021, these EOHs are widespread in both abiotic (e.g., dust, air, soil, sediment, and water) and biotic (e.g., bird, fish, and human serum) matrices. A significant positive correlation was found between the estimated annual production amounts of EOHs and their environmental contamination levels, suggesting the prohibition of both production and usage of EOHs as a critical pollution-source control strategy. The strengths and weaknesses, as well as the future prospects of up-to-date remediation techniques, such as photodegradation, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation, are critically discussed. Of these remediation techniques, microbial reductive dehalogenation represents a promising in situ remediation method for removal of EOHs, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs).With the wide application of compost in agriculture, heavy metals (HMs) continue to accumulate in the soil environment, which poses a great threat to the health of the soil environment. Therefore, it is critical for effectively reduce the mobility of HMs. In this study, the influence of activated carbon (AC) addition time on mobility of HMs (Cu, Zn and Pb) and HMs resistant bacteria structure were evaluated during chicken manure composting. The result showed that the addition of AC in the thermophilic period could effectively reduce the mobility of HMs. Subsequently, high-throughput sequencing results showed that the dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinbacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes and Bacteroidetes within the sample, which were ubiquitous and abundant in composting. The Redundancy analysis (RDA) results indicated that the mobility of HMs (Cu, Zn and Pb) by superior bacteria fate varied in AC amendment composting. Ultimately, a regulation method is proposed to influence the mobility of HMs by regulating the bacteria community in the AC compost. Our current studies suggest that the addition of AC during compost preparation (thermophilic period) is an effective strategy in regulating the mobility (bioavailability) of HMs, thereby significantly reducing environmental pollution problems.Individuals with metabolic disorders exhibit enhanced susceptibility to the cardiovascular health effects of particulate air pollution, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. We aim to assess whether changes in proinflammatory lipid signals are associated with fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure in individuals with and without prediabetes. A longitudinal panel study was conducted in Beijing, China, and included 120 participants followed up over 589 clinical visits from August 2013 to February 2015. We measured 12 lipids derived from arachidonic acid pathways in blood samples of the participants via targeted lipidomic analyses. Ambient PM2.5 concentrations were continuously monitored at a station for associations with the lipids. Among the 120 participants, 110 (mean [SD] age at recruitment, 56.5 [4.2] years; 31 prediabetics) who visited the clinic at least twice over the follow-up period were assigned exposure values of the outdoor residential PM2.5 concentrations during the 1-14 days precir pollution in susceptible populations.The variation in sorption and desorption of phosphorus (P) among soil types is not captured in current agronomic advice for agri-environmentally sustainable use of P. Phosphorus use is typically based on soil test P (STP) and soils are assumed to have the same rate of response to added P, regardless of sorption properties. The development of P sorption categories, coupled with STP information could improve fertiliser decision making, by making it more site specific and soil type specific. A framework for P sorption specific advice is proposed here integrating soil P sorption dynamics with STP for agronomic and environmental management, at farm and catchment scale. Using a national population of agricultural soils, laboratory measurement of Langmuir sorption maximum (Smax50, mg kg-1) and binding energy (k50, l mg-1), were coupled with STP (Morgan P) to derive novel categories for P management advice, specifically addressing the build-up and draw-down phases of P in soils. In addition to measured values, Smax50 and k50 were predicted from MIR spectroscopy and pedotransfer functions and used to allocate soils into these new sorption categories.