Holmgaardarmstrong2072

A small concreteness effect was observed. Over the three experiments, only two measures, both based on simple WordNet path length, predicted all three results. We suggest that the results are not unexpected because semantic processing in episodic memory experiments differs from that in reading, similarity judgment, and analogy tasks which are the most common way of assessing such measures.The insect/plant interaction is known to be a trigger for diversification and even speciation. Experimental analyses on fitness traits and phenotypic variation using alternative host sites have been performed to understand the process of diversification relative to insect/plant interactions. For cactophilic species of Drosophila, the speciation process is considered an adaptive radiation in response to the exploration of species of the Cactaceae as breeding and feeding sites. In this work, we analyzed life history and morphological traits in individuals from two phyletic lineages (Evolutionarily Significant Units ESU) of the cactophilic species Drosophila meridionalis (Wasserman 1962) (Diptera Drosophilidae) raised from media prepare. The characters analyzed corresponded to viability, developmental time, and four morphological measurements. The experiments were performed in a semi-natural medium prepared with fermenting tissues of the natural hosts, Cereus hildmaniannus and Opuntia monacantha. Viability, development time, and three morphological measurements were influenced by lineage, suggesting differentiation between the lineages. However, in O. Tanespimycin monacantha, the mean viability was greater (~15%) and development time was longer (~336 h) than in C. hildmaniannus (~11% and ~301 h, respectively). Only the developmental time was significantly affected by the host cactus. In general, ESU group A had better values than ESU group BC for the evaluated traits. This finding suggested differentiation between the two lineages and different plastic responsiveness to the contrasting environments of the hosts, and that C. hildmaniannus may be a relatively stressful environment for the larvae, as for other Drosophila species.Imaging biomarkers play a wide-ranging role in clinical trials for neurological disorders. This includes selecting the appropriate trial participants, establishing target engagement and mechanism-related pharmacodynamic effect, monitoring safety, and providing evidence of disease modification. In the early stages of clinical drug development, evidence of target engagement and/or downstream pharmacodynamic effect-especially with a clear relationship to dose-can provide confidence that the therapeutic candidate should be advanced to larger and more expensive trials, and can inform the selection of the dose(s) to be further tested, i.e., to "de-risk" the drug development program. In these later-phase trials, evidence that the therapeutic candidate is altering disease-related biomarkers can provide important evidence that the clinical benefit of the compound (if observed) is grounded in meaningful biological changes. The interpretation of disease-related imaging markers, and comparability across different trials and imaging tools, is greatly improved when standardized outcome measures are defined. This standardization should not impinge on scientific advances in the imaging tools per se but provides a common language in which the results generated by these tools are expressed. PET markers of pathological protein aggregates and structural imaging of brain atrophy are common disease-related elements across many neurological disorders. However, PET tracers for pathologies beyond amyloid β and tau are needed, and the interpretability of structural imaging can be enhanced by some simple considerations to guard against the possible confound of pseudo-atrophy. Learnings from much-studied conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis will be beneficial as the field embraces rarer diseases.Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive, irreversible vision loss. Currently, intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. However, glaucomatous degeneration may continue despite adequate IOP control. Therefore, there exists a need for treatment that protects the visual system, independent of IOP. This study sought, first, to longitudinally examine the neurobehavioral effects of different magnitudes and durations of IOP elevation using multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optokinetics and histology; and, second, to evaluate the effects of oral citicoline treatment as a neurotherapeutic in experimental glaucoma. Eighty-two adult Long Evans rats were divided into six groups acute (mild or severe) IOP elevation, chronic (citicoline-treated or untreated) IOP elevation, and sham (acute or chronic) controls. We found that increasing magnitudes and durations of IOP elevation differentially altered structural and functional brain connectivity and visuomotor behavior, as indicated by decreases in fractional anisotropy in diffusion tensor MRI, magnetization transfer ratios in magnetization transfer MRI, T1-weighted MRI enhancement of anterograde manganese transport, resting-state functional connectivity, visual acuity, and neurofilament and myelin staining along the visual pathway. Furthermore, 3 weeks of oral citicoline treatment in the setting of chronic IOP elevation significantly reduced visual brain integrity loss and visual acuity decline without altering IOP. Such effects sustained after treatment was discontinued for another 3 weeks. These results not only illuminate the close interplay between eye, brain, and behavior in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, but also support a role for citicoline in protecting neural tissues and visual function in glaucoma beyond IOP control.Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) recipients are at high risk of developing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) with substantial morbidity and mortality. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) are the primary prevention strategy. The difference between the Japanese and international guidelines is limited except when to start PCV13. However, Japanese data regarding the incidence of IPD after allo-HSCT that include vaccination status are limited. Therefore, we aimed to study the clinical characteristics of patients with IPD following allo-HSCT, focusing on unvaccinated patients. We retrospectively reviewed allo-HSCT recipients between April 2005 and December 2018 at Komagome Hospital. Among 1,091 recipients, 11 (1008/100,000 recipients) developed 13 episodes of IPD. The median period from the first allo-HSCT to the first IPD episode was 686 days (10-3040 days). Ten patients developed IPD before vaccination, and seven of these unvaccinated patients with late-onset IPD were ineligible for vaccination based on domestic guidelines.