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l of freshwater environments. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is not routinely used as induction therapy for adults with active Crohn'sDisease(CD). The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of EEN with oral polymeric formula as an adjunct for inducing clinical and biochemical remission in adults with active CD.

We performed a retrospective analysis of data from January 2018 to September 2019 on all patients with active CD who commenced EEN. Primary endpoint was clinical remission (CDAI ≤150) or response (100-point decrease in CDAI) at 8 weeks. Secondary endpoint was achievement of biochemical remission (CRP ≤5 mg/L or faeces calprotectin ≤150 mcg/g) at 8 weeks in those whose baseline values were elevated. We also aimed to identify predictors of response to EEN therapy.

Sixty-six patients commenced EEN, 53/66 (80.3%) completed the prescribed EEN course. At 8 weeks, 42/66 (63.6%) patients achieved primary endpoint and secondary endpoint was achieved in 30/53 (56.6%) of patients. Patients receiving EEN for ≥ 6 weeks achieved primary (72% vs 47.8%, OR 2.8, p = 0.047, CI 0.97 -8.16) and secondary endpoint (67.6% vs 36.8%, OR 3.58, p = 0.035, CI 1.1- 11.63) more frequently when compared with patients who received EEN for <6 weeks. Nine patients reported adverse effects (4 nausea,3 diarrhoea,1 constipation and 1 abdominal pain), none of whom ceased therapy.

Polymeric EEN is well tolerated, safe and effective in inducing clinical and biochemical remission in adults with active CD. EEN duration of ≥ 6 weeks has better outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Polymeric EEN is well tolerated, safe and effective in inducing clinical and biochemical remission in adults with active CD. EEN duration of ≥ 6 weeks has better outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

When divergent lineages come into secondary contact reproductive isolation may be incomplete, thus providing an opportunity to investigate how speciation is manifested in the genome. The Louisiana Irises (Iris, series Hexagonae) comprise a group of three or more ecologically and reproductively divergent lineages that can produce hybrids where they come into contact. In this study we sought to estimate standing genetic variation to understand the current distribution of population structure in the Louisiana Irises.

We used genotyping-by-sequencing techniques to sample the genomes of Louisiana Iris species across their ranges. Twenty populations were sampled (total n=632) across 11,249 loci. Population genetic data were assessed using ENTROPY and PCA models.

We discovered evidence for interspecific gene flow in parts of the range and revealed patterns of population structure at odds with widely accepted nominal taxonomy. Undescribed hybrid populations were discovered that were designated as belonging to td a previously unknown hybrid zone between I. Rapamycin brevicaulis and I. hexagona along the Texas coast. Finally, I. nelsonii does not appear to have mixed ancestry from three parental taxa as has been the longstanding hypothesis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Whole genome duplication (WGD) is ubiquitous in plants. Recent reviews and meta-analyses, aiming to understand how such phenotypic transition could facilitate neopolyploid establishment, demonstrated multifarious immediate effects of WGD on fitness and reproductive traits. Yet little is known about how short-term modifications evolve through time. Such a comparison among neo- and established polyploid lineages is crucial to understand which effects of WGD promote or impede polyploid survival.

We performed a meta-analysis to determine how WGD affects morphological, cellular and fitness traits in autotetraploid individuals compared to their diploid progenitors. We studied how established tetraploids differed from diploids compared to neo-tetraploids, to further learn about the fate of WGD-associated phenotypic effects during polyploid establishment.

We found that the short-term effects of WGD were an increase in size of morphological traits and cells, accompanied by a decrease in fitness and the number of cells. After establishment, the morphological effect persisted, but cellular and fitness components reverted back to the values observed in the diploid ancestors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

We found that the short-term effects of WGD were an increase in size of morphological traits and cells, accompanied by a decrease in fitness and the number of cells. After establishment, the morphological effect persisted, but cellular and fitness components reverted back to the values observed in the diploid ancestors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Treatment strategies for progressive intervertebral-disc degeneration often alleviate pain and other symptoms. With the goal of developing strategies to promote the regeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP), the present study tried to identify the biological effects of hydrostatic (HP) and osmotic pressures on NP cells. The study hypothesis was that a repetitive regimen of cyclic HP followed by constant HP in high-osmolality medium would increase anabolic molecules in NP cells. Bovine NP cells/clusters were enclosed within semi-permeable membrane pouches and incubated under a regimen of cyclic HP for 2 d followed by constant HP for 1 d, repeated 6 times over 18 d. NP cells showed a significantly increased expression of anabolic genes over time aggrecan, chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1, hyaluronan synthase 2, collagen type 2 (p less then 0.05). In addition, the expression of catabolic or degenerative genes (matrix metalloproteinase 13, collagen type 1) and cellular characteristic genes (proliferating cell nucleic antigen, E-cadherin) was suppressed. The amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycan increased significantly at day 18 compared to day 3 (p less then 0.01). Immunostaining revealed deposition of extracellular-matrix molecules and localization of other specific molecules corresponding to their genetic expression. An improved understanding of how cells respond to physicochemical stresses will help to better treat the degenerating disc using either cell- or gene-based therapies as well as other potential matrix-enhancing therapies. Efforts to apply these tissue-engineering and regenerative-medicine strategies will need to consider these important physicochemical stresses that may have a major impact on the survivability of such treatments.

Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) selectively restores disturbances of regulatory T cells (Treg) and conventional T cells, resulting in the induction of remission in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. However, to date no research has been carried out on the efficacy of low-dose IL-2 in the treatment of refractory lupus nephritis (LN). The aim of the study reported here was to investigate the renal response to low-dose IL-2 in patients with refractory LN.

The study population comprised ten patients with refractory LN who failed to achieve complete response or who had relapsed while being treated with at least two conventional immunosuppressive agents. One treatment cycle consisted of IL-2 at a dose of 1 million IU administered subcutaneously every other day for 2weeks followed by a 2-week break. All patients received three cycles of IL-2 and were then followed up for another 12weeks without any increase in the dose of previous immunosuppressive agents and steroids.

Of the ten patients enrolled in thclinical practice.

Low-dose IL-2 therapy may have a promising role in the treatment of refractory LN as an alternative and safe therapeutic approach. It may be used as multi-target combination therapy in clinical practice.

Despite of higher disease burden, lower efficacy to biologics has been reported in female compared to male patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of secukinumab by sex in patients with active AS from five phase 3 studies (MEASURE 1-5) through 52weeks.

Baseline demographics, disease characteristics and efficacy outcomes at Weeks 16 and 52 were summarized for males versus females. Baseline predictor analysis used multivariable logistic regression for binary outcome measures or generalized linear model for continuous outcome measures to assess the impact of sex as one of the independent variables on selected efficacy outcomes at Week 52.

Overall, 1031 males and 396 females were included in this analysis. Smoking status, hs-CRP, prior exposure to TNF inhibitors, BASMI occiput-to-wall and tragus-to-wall distance (cm) were higher in males, whereas MASES was higher in females. Efficacy outcomes i.e., ASAS40 responses and BASDAI change from baseline at Weeks 16 and 52 were generally comparable between males and females. Response rates were found to be significantly higher in male patients when compared with female patients only for ASDAS-CRP inactive disease (ID) at Week 52.

Comparable efficacy and safety outcomes were observed between male and female patients with active AS treated with secukinumab over 52weeks. Further, sex was not an independent predictor of treatment response to secukinumab as assessed by ASAS40 responder rates and BASDAI change from baseline; association of ASDAS-CRP ID responder rates with sex warrants further exploration.

ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01358175, NCT01649375, NCT02008916, NCT02159053, and NCT02896127.

ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01358175, NCT01649375, NCT02008916, NCT02159053, and NCT02896127.

CT-P17 (Celltrion, Inc., Incheon, Republic of Korea) is a biosimilar of reference adalimumab (Humira

 ; AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA), which has recently received regulatory approval from the European Medicines Agency.

This analysis was designed to evaluate the stability profile of CT-P17 compared with reference adalimumab and the currently licensed adalimumab biosimilars ABP501 (Amjevita

/Amgevita

 ; Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA) and SB5 (Imraldi

 ; Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA) when stored at low temperature (5°C) or room temperature (25°C) with 60% relative humidity for up to 28days.

Multiple orthogonal and complementary tests demonstrated that CT-P17 was stable for 28days under all tested conditions, as well as for protein concentrations tested (50 vs 100mg/mL), type of delivery device (autoinjector vs prefilled syringe), and manufacturing date (recently manufactured vs aged for 17months). There were slight differences among products in terms of charge variants, oxidation level, purity, and number of subvisible particles; however, overall, the quality of each product was maintained over 28days.

Our data suggest that CT-P17 may be used without any significant loss of stability when stored at 5°C or 25°C with 60% relative humidity for up to 28days, and was not impacted by protein concentration tested and delivery device. Comparative stability data suggest that the appropriate maximum storage period for CT-P17 may be up to 28days at room temperature with 60% relative humidity.

Our data suggest that CT-P17 may be used without any significant loss of stability when stored at 5 °C or 25 °C with 60% relative humidity for up to 28 days, and was not impacted by protein concentration tested and delivery device. Comparative stability data suggest that the appropriate maximum storage period for CT-P17 may be up to 28 days at room temperature with 60% relative humidity.