Hodgeskarstensen4474

S. sources. The results of this study indicate that anthropogenic Pb from sources west of the ADIR region were deposited in lesser amounts from west to east and/or Pb sources reflect less population density from west to east. The timing of the initiation of anthropogenic Pb deposition in the NS region suggests that Pb from gasoline may be an important source in this region.Microplastics are present in almost all seas and oceans, including the Southern Ocean. To the south of the Antarctic Polar Front, microplastics are present mainly west to the Antarctic Peninsula, but information is scarce about their impact on the pelagic food web. Celastrol purchase Here, we analysed 42 scats of male Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) collected in late summer at Deception Island (South Shetland Islands), which allowed us to assess the presence of microplastics in the pelagic food web of the Bransfield Strait (Western Antarctica). Furthermore, we analysed the hard remains of prey in the scats to characterize the diet of fur seals. Hard remains recovered from the scats revealed that male Antarctic fur seals foraged on krill and myctophid fishes during late summer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed that none of the seven fragments and three fibres recovered from their scats were microplastics, but rather were silicate minerals and chitin. These results suggest that the levels of microplastic pollution in the pelagic food web of the Bransfield Strait are extremely low.Microcystins are toxic heptapeptides produced by cyanobacteria in marine and freshwater environments. In biological samples such as fish, microcystins can be found in the free form or covalently bound to protein phosphatases type I and II. Total microcystins in fish have been quantified in the past using the Lemieux Oxidation approach, where all toxins are oxidated to a common fragment (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutyric acid, MMPB) regardless of their initial amino acid configuration or form (free or protein bound). These studies have been carried out using different experimental conditions and employed different quantification strategies. The present study has further investigated the oxidation step using a systematic approach, to identify the most important factors leading to a higher, more robust MMPB generation yield from fish tissue in order to reduce the method detection limit. Field samples were quantified using an in-situ generated MMPB matrix matched calibration curve by isotope dilution with d3-MMPB via liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS). This approach improves method's accuracy by taking into account of potential matrix effects that could affect the derivatization, sample prepation and instrumental analysis steps. The validated method showed 16.7% precision (RSD) and +6.7% accuracy (bias), with calculated method detection limits of 7.28 ng g-1 Performance of the method was assessed with the analysis of laboratory exposed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to cyanobacteria as a positive control, where no microcystins were detected in the pre-exposure fish liver and fillet, low levels in the exposed fillet (65.0 ng g-1) and higher levels in the exposed liver (696 ng g-1). Finally, the method was employed for the analysis of 26 fillets (muscle) and livers of Walleye (Sander vitreus) and Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) from Lake Erie, showing very low concentrations of microcystins in the fillet and higher concentrations in liver, up to 3720 ng g-1.Based on previous studies that examined the whole proteome of Rhodococcus sp. BAP-1 during the degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), transmembrane proteins have a large role in the degradation of fluoranthene. To further study the specific functions and mechanisms of transmembrane proteins from Rhodococcus sp. BAP-1 involved in the degradation process of fluoranthene, the degradation of PAHs and the membrane permeability were determined. In addition, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantization (iTRAQ) method were used to conduct a proteomics analysis of Rhodococcus sp. BAP-1 after exposure to fluoranthene for 1 d, 3 d, and 6 d. The results showed that the degradation rate was the highest on the first and sixth days, and the membrane permeability was also the highest on the sixth day. The iTRAQ analysis results showed 18, 29, and 48 upregulated proteins and 111, 97, and 21 downregulated proteins in the 1 d group vs control group, 3 d group vs control group, and 6 d group vs control group samples respectively. According to a Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG) analysis, amino acid transport and metabolism are the most important functions. According to functional analysis from the gene ontology (GO) database, the oxidation-reduction process is the most important biological process; transporter activity is the main molecular function; and transmembrane proteins are the most important in the cell composition. This study combined the degradation rate, membrane permeability and transmembrane protein functions to analyze the functions and mechanisms of transmembrane proteins from Rhodococcus sp. BAP-1, which are involved in the degradation of fluoranthene at the protein level, and this study provides a solid foundation for further research on the metabolic processes of bacteria.Growing evidence suggests that access and exposure to water bodies or blue spaces can provide a variety of health and well-being benefits. Attempts to quantify these 'blue-health' benefits have largely focused on coastal environments, with freshwater blue spaces receiving far less attention despite over 50% of the global population living within 3 km of a body of freshwater and populations living in landlocked areas having limited coastal access. This critical review identifies opportunities to improve our understanding of the relationship between freshwater blue space and health and well-being and outlines key recommendations to broaden the portfolio of emerging research needs associated with the field of blue-health. Recognising fundamental distinctions in relationships between health outcomes and access and exposure to freshwater versus coastal blue space is critical and further research is required to determine the mechanisms that link exposure to freshwater blue space with tangible health outcomes and to understand how such mechanisms vary across a range of freshwater environments. Furthermore, methodological improvements are necessary as spatial approaches adopted to quantify access and exposure to freshwater blue space often fail to account for the unique physical characteristics of freshwater and come with a variety of limitations. Based on the findings of this review, a suite of research needs are proposed, which can be categorised into three broad themes (i) establishing a freshwater blue-health methodological framework; (ii) advancing the empirical freshwater blue-health evidence base; and (iii) promoting freshwater blue-health opportunities. When taken together, these research themes offer opportunities to advance current understanding and better integrate freshwater blue space into the wider nature-health research agenda.The restoration of planted vegetation contributes towards improving the habitat quality of waterbirds and enhancing the diversity of their communities. Thus, the success of projects attempting to restore aquatic vegetation could, in part, be quantified by evaluating the community structure of wintering waterbirds. Here, we evaluated the effect of wetland restoration (through planting aquatic vegetation) by comparing waterbird communities in restored versus unrestored areas over two wintering periods (2017-2018 and 2018-2019). Specifically, the use of aquatic vegetation by waterbirds was evaluated following restoration, and was compared against three control (unrestored) areas; namely, a Euryale ferox planting area, freshwater aquaculture area, and rice planting area. Twenty-nine species belonging to eleven families of waterbirds were recorded across the four habitats. Species richness and density of waterbirds in the restored aquatic vegetation area were significantly higher than those in the three control arg the structure of wintering waterbird communities.

Ambient fine particulate matter (PM

) is a major threat to cardiovascular health. Endothelial dysfunction is the initiating event associated with the PM

-induced cardiovascular disease (CVD). link2 A sensitive marker of endothelial function-circulating von Willebrand factor (vWF), is an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcome in CVD patients. PM

exposure may cause CVD, but the reports of relationship between short-term PM

exposure and circulating vWF are inconsistent.

To explore the influence of short-term PM

exposure on circulating vWF.

By using a combination of computer and manual retrieval, a systematic literature retrieval was conducted on PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus databases up to October 2019. The heterogeneity among studies was tested by Stata 12.0, and the pooled %-change (percentage change per 10μg/m

increase in PM

) and its 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated by using random effect model. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias detection were also carried out.

12 articles were included in this meta-analysis. Short-term PM

exposure (per 10μg/m

increase) was associated with the increased vWF (%-change=0.41, 95%CI 0.11-0.71). The pooled effect estimates of subgroup with PM

exposure level<25μg/m

was higher (%-change=8.26; 95%CI 1.99-14.53) than that with PM

exposure level≥25μg/m

(%-change=0.36; 95%CI 0.09-0.63).

Short-term PM

exposure is associated with the increased circulating vWF. It suggests that short-term PM

exposure causes endothelial dysfunction.

Short-term PM2.5 exposure is associated with the increased circulating vWF. It suggests that short-term PM2.5 exposure causes endothelial dysfunction.Aerobic scope, the difference between standard metabolic requirements and maximum metabolic capacity, is considered a particularly important metric influencing ecological success in fishes. link3 Crude oil exposure can impair cardiorespiratory function in fishes, which reduces maximum metabolic rate, aerobic scope, and may impair ecological performance. Oil exposure is not the only environmental stressor that can affect aerobic scope, especially in areas affected by crude oil spills. Hypoxia (low dissolved oxygen) is also known to constrain maximum metabolic rate, yet there has been little effort to explore how hypoxia may influence the magnitude of metabolic injury following oil exposure. Therefore, our goal was to investigate the effects of acute oil exposure and hypoxia on the metabolic performance of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), an economically important fish common in the Gulf of Mexico. Here, sub-adult red drum were exposed to crude oil for 24 h before being exposed to hypoxic conditions following exhaustive exercise. Our results show that hypoxia exposure combined with crude oil exposure results in significantly reduced aerobic scope, which was additive compared to the reductions caused by each stressor alone. We also quantified hypoxia tolerance among treatments following exposure, and our results showed no changes to hypoxia tolerance among individuals, regardless of exposure to hypoxia or oil. These data offer insight into the metabolic constraints facing fishes exposed to oil while concurrently subjected to hypoxia, a notable climate change stressor.