Hillowen5431

ic targets for attenuating drug craving.

We sought to elucidate whether stress, peers, and in vivo (i.e., direct) alcohol cues elicit alcohol craving in daily life among adolescents and to test whether individual variation in working memory function and biological sex alters these associations.

We leveraged ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to examine momentary associations between stress, peers, and direct alcohol cues with craving, assessed as "urge to drink alcohol," among 86 male (51.2 %) and female (48.8 %) frequent drinkers (i.e., two or more drinking days per week). Participants were ages 14-24 years (M = 20.7 years, SD = 2.1). Participants completed EMA throughout the day for about one week prior to randomization to a treatment condition for an AUD clinical trial. Pre-registered, secondary analyses focused on craving for assessments when adolescents were not drinking, and assessments occurring after drinking on drinking days were removed. Working memory performance was assessed in the laboratory via the Memory for Words subtest of the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities.

Craving was heightened at more stressful moments and when adolescents were with their peers and in the presence of direct alcohol cues. Working memory function was not related to craving but altered the relation of momentary stress, peers, and cues with craving once biological sex-related differences were considered. Females generally had lower craving than males, but working memory function served to buffer against stress-induced craving for males.

Higher working memory function buffered the in-the-moment relation of stress with alcohol craving for males but not females.

Higher working memory function buffered the in-the-moment relation of stress with alcohol craving for males but not females.

Despite significant geographical heterogeneity of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, little is known about potential differences in cannabis use behaviors in U.S. geographic areas. In this study, we examined cannabis use behaviors in large metropolitan, small metropolitan, and nonmetropolitan areas. We focused on interactions between geographic areas and health insurance status and medical cannabis laws (MCL).

Data came from the 2015-2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH; N = 171,766 adults; N = 36,175 cannabis users). Weighted chi-squares tests of independence and multivariable Poisson regression models were used to examine study questions.

Past-year use was highest in large metropolitan areas (16.08 %). Frequent use was highest among nonmetropolitan area users (48.67 %). Uninsured adults had a higher likelihood of past-year use (RRR = 1.21, 95 % CI = 1.14, 1.29) and frequent use (RRR = 1.27, 95 % CI = 1.14, 1.41), but a lower likelihood of cannabis use disorder (RRR = 0.77, 95 % CI = 0.66, 0.89). Uninsured adults in nonmetropolitan areas had a higher likelihood (RRR = 1.62, 95 % CI = 1.39, 1.88) of past-year use than insured nonmetropolitan area adults. MCL state residency was associated with a higher likelihood of frequent use among nonmetropolitan (RRR = 1.39, 95 % CI = 1.11, 1.74) and small metropolitan users (RRR = 1.30, 95 % CI = 1.15, 1.47). Cannabis use disorder likelihood did not vary by geographic area.

Lack of health insurance and MCL state residency are significant variables affecting cannabis use behaviors in small metropolitan and/or nonmetropolitan areas.

Lack of health insurance and MCL state residency are significant variables affecting cannabis use behaviors in small metropolitan and/or nonmetropolitan areas.

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) reduces the health of soldiers and the readiness of the Armed Forces. It remains unknown if engagement in substance use treatment in the Military Health System improves retention in the military.

The sample consisted of active duty soldiers returning from an Afghanistan/Iraq deployment in fiscal years 2008-2010 who received an AUD diagnosis within 150 days of completing a post-deployment health re-assessment survey (n = 4,726). A Heckman probit procedure was used to examine predictors of substance use treatment initiation and engagement in accordance with Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) criteria. Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to examine the association between treatment engagement and retention, defined as a negative separation for a non-routine cause (e.g., separation due to misconduct, poor performance, disability) from the military in the two years following the index AUD diagnosis.

40 % of soldiers meeting HEDIS AUD criteria initiated and 24 % engaged in substance use treatment. Among soldiers diagnosed with AUD, meeting criteria for treatment engagement was associated with a significantly higher hazard of having a negative separation compared to soldiers who did not engage in treatment.

Rates of initiation and engagement in substance use treatment for post-deployment AUD were relatively low. Soldiers with AUD who engaged in substance use treatment were more likely to have a negative separation from the military than soldiers with AUD who did not engage. Our findings imply that in the study cohort, treatment did not mitigate negative career consequences of AUD.

Rates of initiation and engagement in substance use treatment for post-deployment AUD were relatively low. Soldiers with AUD who engaged in substance use treatment were more likely to have a negative separation from the military than soldiers with AUD who did not engage. Our findings imply that in the study cohort, treatment did not mitigate negative career consequences of AUD.

B220

CD11c

plasmacytoid DCs(pDCs) are known to participate in the negative selection and central tolerance induction by the capturing of self-antigens in peripheral tissues and further migration to the thymus using the CCL25-CCR9 chemotaxis axis.

Here we investigate the possibility of DCs migration stimulation to the thymus by the transfection with plasmid DNA-constructs encoding CCR9(pmaxCCR9) to develop a system for desired antigen delivery to the thymus for central tolerance induction.

Dendritic cells(DCs) cultures were generated from UBC-GFP mice bone marrow cells expressing green fluorescent protein using the rmFlt3-L. DCs cultures were transfected with pmaxCCR9 by electroporation. The efficiency of electroporation was confirmed by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. GSK2795039 The migration of electroporated DCs was assessed in vitro and in vivo.

Dendritic cells(DCs) cultures obtained from UBC-GFP mice contained both B220

pDCs and SIRPa

cDC2. According to the RT-qPCR assay, the electroporation of obtained DCs cultures with pmaxCCR9 resulted in a 94.