Hicksdominguez1313

This study demonstrated the positive promotion of the coupled bioelectrochemical regulation and magnetite on organic biodegradation, process stability and CH4 productivity, providing some references for the integrated technology in sludge treatment and bioenergy recovery.Biopharmaceuticals are associated with the revolutionary treatment of various diseases, and according to the European Medicines Agency, biopharmaceuticals derived from biological sources are perceived to not cause significant environmental risk. However, there is currently no broadly recognized definition or categorization of biopharmaceuticals despite the fact that improved technology has made it possible to modify them to obtain more efficient medicines, thereby raising questions about their biological origins and risks. The aim of this paper, based on a literature review, is to derive a clear definition of biopharmaceuticals and evaluate the European Union's regulation and environmental risk assessment (ERA) procedures for them. Nine different definitions were identified, and it is evident that the term "biopharmaceuticals" is used ambiguously. We therefore recommend that biopharmaceuticals are defined as complex molecules derived from a biological source, with the purpose to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure diseases or conditions of human beings. Furthermore, we recommend that biopharmaceuticals should be categorized according to their biological structure 1) amino acids, 2) nucleic acids, and 3) vaccines. Only 11 studies were identified as being relevant to ERA, and we lack useful data for hazard identification. More research is needed to examine the ecotoxicity, fate, and stability of most biopharmaceuticals-and categorical regulatory exclusion seems unfavorable in this regard.There is growing evidence that traditional response to floods and flood-related disaster is no longer achieving desirable results. Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) represent a relatively new response towards disaster risk reduction, water security, and resilience to climate change, which has a potential to be more effective and sustainable than traditional measures. However, in practice, these measures are still being applied at a slow rate while traditional grey infrastructure remains as a preferred choice. This can be attributed to several barriers which range from political and governance to social and technological/technical. More generally, there is a lack of sufficient knowledge base to accelerate their wider acceptance and uptake. The present work provides contribution in this direction and addresses the question of effectiveness of different types of NBS (i.e., small- and large-scale NBS) and their hybrid combinations with grey infrastructure. The work has been applied on the case of Ayutthaya, Thailand. The results suggest that the effectiveness of small-scale NBS is limited to smaller rainfall events whereas the larger (or extreme) events necessitate combinations of different kinds of measures with different scales of implementation (i.e., hybrid measures).Severe volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution has become an urgent problem during the heating season in the North China Plain (NCP), as exposure to hazardous VOCs can lead to chronic or acute diseases. A campaign with online VOC measurements was conducted at a rural site in Wangdu, NCP during the 2018 heating season to characterize the compositions and associated sources of VOCs and to assess their potential health risks. The total concentration of VOCs with 94 identified species was 77.21 ± 54.39 ppb. Seven source factors were identified by non-negative matrix factorization, including coal combustion (36.1%), LPG usage (21.1%), solvent usage (13.9%), biomass burning and secondary formation (14.2%), background (7.0%), industrial emissions (4.5%), and vehicle emissions (3.3%). The point estimate approach and Monte Carlo simulation were used to estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of harzadous VOCs. The results showed that the cumulative health risk of VOCs was above the safety level. Acrolein, 1.2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, chloroform, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene were identified as the key hazardous VOCs in Wangdu. Benzene had the highest average carcinogenic risk. Solvent usage and secondary formation were the dominant sources of adverse health effects. During the Spring Festival, most sources were sharply reduced; and VOC concentration declined by 49%. However, coal and biomass consumptions remained relatively large, probably due to heating demand. This study provides important references for the control strategies of VOCs during the heating season in heavily polluted rural areas in the NCP.Drought is pervasive global hazard and seriously impacts ecology. Particularly, vegetation drought, which is chiefly driven by soil moisture (SM) deficiency, has a direct bearing on grain production and human livelihoods. buy DEG-77 Various drought indices associated with vegetation and SM conditions have been proposed to monitor and detect vegetation drought. In this study, we evaluated the performance of eight drought indices, including Drought Severity Index (DSI), Evaporation Stress Index (ESI), Normalized Vegetation Supply Water Index (NVSWI), Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI), Temperature Vegetation Precipitation Dryness Index (TVPDI), Vegetation Health Index (VHI), Self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (SC-PDSI) and Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), for capturing SM dynamic (derived from Copernicus Climate Change Service) across the six main vegetation coverage types of China. Our results showed DSI and ESI had the best overall performance. When exploring the reasons for the uncertainty of these indices (except SC-PDSI and SPEI) in the evaluation, we found that, in the non-arable regions, the time lag effect of drought indices on SM, the average state and rangeability of corresponding variables and the climatic conditions (precipitation and temperature) all impacted the performance of DSI, ESI, NVSWI, TVPDI and VHI. In the arable region, cropland types (paddy field and non-paddy field) and the uncertainty of SM data mainly caused the uncertainties of the above five indices. With regard to the TVDI, abnormalities of dry and wet edges fitting may be the primary factor affecting its performance. These results demonstrated that these drought indices with reliable and robust performance of capturing SM dynamics can be suggested to characterize the trend of SM. Certainly, this study can provide a reference for the improvement of existing drought indices and the establishment of new drought indices.