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Diabetes is a chronic illness. Hyperglycemia is the characteristic of this disorder. Diabetes is a global crisis which affects the economy and health of all nations. Over the last decades, the number of individuals living with diabetes has significantly increased worldwide. Asia is a key epicenter of the emerging diabetes epidemic, with China and India the two nations having the highest number of diabetic people. Economic development, modernization, unhealthy diet, population aging, and sedentary lifestyles are the major factors responsible for the increasing diabetes epidemic. Diabetes is associated with several complications, and cardiovascular disease is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality among people with diabetes. These life-threatening problems can be prevented or delayed by proper management of diabetes. Lifestyle modification is an important factor to decrease the diabetes risk. The frequency of diabetic complications will rise if there is a lack of cost-effective and sustainable interventions. Hence, prevention of diabetes and its complications such as diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular disease should be a crucial part of all future health-related public policies among all nations. This review summarizes current epidemiological aspects of diabetes in the world along with its complications, preventive measures, and treatment.

Obesity is associated with adverse health outcomes and can result in feelings of loneliness or social isolation, for example due to stigmatization. These factors are in turn associated with morbidity and mortality. Thus far, a systematic review is lacking with regard to the association between obesity, social isolation and loneliness. Therefore, our aim was to fill this gap in knowledge.

Three established electronic databases (PubMed, PsycInfo, as well as CINAHL) were searched. Observational studies examining the link between obesity and loneliness or social isolation were included. Disease-specific samples were excluded.

In sum, six studies have been included. While some studies point to an association between obesity and increased loneliness levels, it should be acknowledged that findings are mixed. Study quality was quite high.

This systematic review showed that the literature is inconclusive and incomplete. Further research is required to shed further light on these associations. Moreover, studies from countries outside Europe, based on longitudinal data and using objective assessments of obesity, are urgently required. Gender differences should be further explored.

This systematic review showed that the literature is inconclusive and incomplete. Further research is required to shed further light on these associations. Moreover, studies from countries outside Europe, based on longitudinal data and using objective assessments of obesity, are urgently required. Gender differences should be further explored.

Meg3 has been shown to attenuate T2DM bone autophagy by activating p62 to inhibit bone formation. However, whether exercise can reverse this process to promote T2DM bone formation and its mechanism remains unknown.

A T2DM mouse model was established by a high-fat diet and STZ injection, and the mice were trained with 8-week HIIT and downhill running exercise. Micro-CT was used to scan the bone microstructure. Bone morphology was observed by HE staining, and the osteoblast (OB) activity in bones was observed by AKP staining. Calcium ion and phosphorus concentration in serum was detected by ELISA; RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA level, and Western blot was used to detect the protein level of related indexes in Meg3/p62/Runx2 pathway.

The inhibition of bone autophagy, in the bones of T2DM mice, resulted in the degradation of the bone tissue morphology and structure, with the increase of the expressions of Meg3, PI3K, Akt, mTOR, p62 and NF-κB. However, 8-week HIIT and downhill running could reverse this process, especially downhill running, manifested with the up-regulation of miR-16 mRNA level, along with Beclin-1, LC3 II and Runx2 mRNA and protein level.

T2DM leads to pathology in model mice. Eight-week HIIT and downhill running exercise can inhibit Meg3, activate autophagy of osteoblasts and promote bone formation in T2DM mice.

T2DM leads to pathology in model mice. Eight-week HIIT and downhill running exercise can inhibit Meg3, activate autophagy of osteoblasts and promote bone formation in T2DM mice.

High circulating free fatty acid (FFA) is associated with the development of diabetes. This study was designed to evaluate longitudinal associations between FFA levels, changes in FFA levels, and mean FFA levels and incident diabetes.

This 3-year cohort study was conducted in Ningyang between 2011 and 2014. Serum FFA, fasting blood glucose (FPG), 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (2hPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured at baseline and at the end of follow-up. A multivariate stepwise logistic regression model was used to evaluate associations between serum FFA levels in various groups and the risk of incident diabetes.

Of the 2905 individuals without baseline diabetes, 290 developed diabetes by the 3-year follow-up. With increasing baseline FFA levels, the mean FPG, 2hPG, and HbA1c levels, and the prevalence of diabetes at the end of follow-up increased. The trend of FPG and HbA1c increase was not statistically significant. Higher baseline FFA levels were not significantly associated with greater risk of incident diabetes. However, longitudinal changes in serum FFA levels showed that individuals with serum FFA levels from normal to high (OR = 2.956, 95% CI 2.089-4.184) or from high to high (OR = 3.343, 95% CI 2.300-4.857) had greater risk of incident diabetes compared with those with normal to normal FFA levels. Similarly, individuals with ΔFFA ≥ 0 mmol/L (OR = 1.762, 95% CI 1.373-2.262) or high mean serum FFA levels (OR = 2.120, 95% CI 1.620-2.775) were at higher risk of incident diabetes than those with ΔFFA < 0 mmol/L or normal mean serum FFA levels.

The longitudinal status of serum FFA levels, including chronic increases and sustained high levels, was more closely associated with high risk of incident diabetes than was high baseline FFA levels.

The longitudinal status of serum FFA levels, including chronic increases and sustained high levels, was more closely associated with high risk of incident diabetes than was high baseline FFA levels.

Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) is a novel anti-inflammatory adipokine that has been associated with various metabolic diseases. However, such relationship among adolescents remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between SFRP5 and the components of metabolic syndrome in Chinese adolescents.

In this cross-sectional study, we included a total of 684 adolescents aged 11-16 years old from Liaoyang city, Liaoning province, China. The ELISA kits were implemented to measure the plasma SFRP5 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum uric acid (UA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and fasting serum insulin (FINS) were also measured.

The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that low SFRP5 level were an independent risk factor of high FPG [odds ratio (OR)=5.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85-15.22,

<0.01] and high TC (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.01-2.96,

<0.05) when adjusting for age, sex, family history of diabetes, body mass index, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

The lower level of SFRP5 is strongly related to lipid and glucose metabolism among adolescents in Northeast China. The risk of high fasting plasma glucose and high total cholesterol increases significantly as the plasma SFRP5 level decreases.

The lower level of SFRP5 is strongly related to lipid and glucose metabolism among adolescents in Northeast China. The risk of high fasting plasma glucose and high total cholesterol increases significantly as the plasma SFRP5 level decreases.

To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of long-term domiciliary high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) treatment in COPD patients with chronic respiratory failure.

A cohort of 200 COPD patients were equally randomized into usual care ± HFNC and followed for 12 months. The outcome of the analysis was the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, and the analysis was conducted from a healthcare sector perspective. Data on the patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL), gathered throughout the trial using the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), was converted into EQ-5D-3L health state utility values. Costs were estimated using Danish registers and valued in British pounds (£) at price level 2019. Scenario analyses and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the uncertainty of the results.

The adjusted mean difference in QALYs between the HFNC group and the control group was 0.059 (95% CI 0.017; 0.101), and the adjusted mean difference in total costs was £212 (9erpreted in light of the uncertainty associated with the indirect estimation of health state utilities.

In patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) can impair quality of life and increase healthcare costs. Treatment options for IDA-associated IBD include oral iron and intravenous iron formulations (such as ferric carboxymaltose [FCM], ferric derisomaltose [FD, previously known as iron isomaltoside 1000], and iron sucrose [IS]). The present analysis compared the cost-effectiveness of FCM versus FD, IS, and oral iron sulfate in terms of additional cost per additional responder in the UK setting.

Cost-effectiveness was calculated for FCM versus FD, IS, and oral iron individually in terms of the additional cost per additional responder, defined as haemoglobin normalisation or an increase of ≥2 g/dL in haemoglobin levels, in a model developed in Microsoft Excel. Relative efficacy inputs were taken from a previously published network meta-analysis, since there is currently no single head-to-head trial evidence comparing all therapy options. Costs were calculated in 2020 pounds superior treatment efficacy of FCM is worth the additional cost.

To estimate the cost impact of using the ECHELON CIRCULAR™ Powered Stapler (ECP) compared with manual circular staplers (standard of care, SOC) among patients undergoing colectomy procedures that involve left-sided anastomosis.

A US hospital-based budget impact model was developed to estimate the impact of ECP in reducing the surgical complication of anastomotic leak. The incremental acquisition cost of ECP vs SOC was compared to the net potential savings from reduced complication costs. The model was based on complication rates from a recently published matching-adjusted indirect comparison (MAIC) that compared clinical and healthcare utilization outcomes of patients using ECP with those of a propensity score-matched retrospective SOC control cohort from a real-world clinical practice population. The model assessed total cost, average length of stay (LOS), proportion of patients with a non-home discharge, and all-cause readmission. Deterministic (DSA) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA) were conducted to evaluate the robustness of the model assumptions and inputs.