Herreracrowder3610

Cellular and subcellular changes were observed in the hemocytes with reduction in their number in consonance with the antioxidant enzymes. Histological aberrations like lamellar disruption of gill, necrosis of hepatopancreas, disruption and rupture of muscle bundles were observed at different concentrations and were severe at higher concentration (250 μg/L). Necrosis was observed in the electron micrographs of tissues shortly after 15 days of exposure. SEM micrograph clearly shows disrupted lamellae, folding of marginal canal and reduction of inter lamellar spaces in the gills of crab exposed to high concentration of uranium. Mitochondrial anomalies are reported for the first time in the present study in addition to the subcellular changes and vacuoles on exposure uranium in the cells of gill and hepatopancreas.Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a critical problem for biogas applications, such as electricity and heat generation, or the production of different chemical compounds, due to corrosion and toxic effluent gases. The selective catalytic oxidation of H2S to S is the most promising way to eliminate H2S from biogas due to the lack of effluents, therefore can be considered a green technology. The most extensively used catalysts for H2S selective oxidation can be classified in two groups metal oxide-based catalysts, including vanadium and iron oxides, and carbon-based catalysts. Numerous studies have been devoted to studying their different catalytic performances. For industrial applications, the most suitable catalysts should be less sensitive to the operating parameters like the temperature, O2/H2S ratio, and H2O content. More specifically, for metal oxides and carbon-based catalysts, the temperature and O2/H2S ratio have a similar effect on the conversion and selectivity, but carbon-based catalysts are less sensitive to water in all operating conditions.Every day we are exposed to a cocktail of anthropogenic compounds many of which are biologically active and capable of inducing negative effects. The simplest way to monitor contaminants in a population is via human biomonitoring (HBM), however conventional targeted approaches require foreknowledge of chemicals of concern, often have compound specific extractions and provide information only for those compounds. MS1943 This study developed an extraction process for human biomarkers of interest (BoE) in urine that is less compound specific. Combining this with an ultra-high resolution mass spectrometer capable of operating in full scan, and a suspect and non-targeted analysis (SS/NTA) approach, this method provides a more holistic characterization of human exposure. Sample preparation development was based on enzymatically hydrolysed urine spiked with 34 native standards and extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE). HRMS data was processed by MzMine2 and 80% of standards were identified in the final data matrix using typical NTA data processing procedures.In this study, a Fenton-like system was constructed by CaO2 and nano-Fe3O4 in the co-composting system of straw and sediment. Its effect on the passivation of heavy metals and the evolution of microbial community were investigated. The results showed that the establishment of CaO2-Fenton-like system increased the residual Cu and residual Zn by 27.62% and 16.80%, respectively. In addition, the CaO2-Fenton-like system facilitated the formation of humic acid (HA) up to 20.84 g·kg-1. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the CaO2-Fenton-like system accelerated bacterial community succession and promoted the passivation of Cu and Zn. Structural equation models (SEMs) indicated that Fenton reaction affected Cu and Zn passivation by affecting pH, bacterial communities, and HA. This study shows that the CaO2-Fenton-like system could promote the application of composting in the remediation of heavy metals contamination in sediment.The cumulative exposure to metals affects cardiac conduction, and the effect of polymetallic exposure on heart rate in children is unknown. To evaluate the relationship between cumulative exposure to metal mixtures and heart rate among Chinese preschoolers, the determination of urinary 24 metals was processed by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Heart rate was recorded when measuring blood pressure after resting 5 min or longer. As a method to compute the Environmental risk score (ERS) according to heart rate under heavy metal mixtures, adaptive elastic net (AENET) with 299 predictors which were formed by the combination of main effects, squared terms, and pairwise interactions of heavy metals with a total number of 23, 23, 253 respectively. To further assess the associations between ERS and heart rate, regression analyses were performed with complex survey designs. The construction of ERS under heart rate-related metal mixtures was returned by AENET in according to 11 main effects (tin, arsenic, zinc, iron, titanium, vanadium, nickel, manganese, cobalt, copper and chromium) and 2 squared terms (tungsten and rubidium). A high correlation was monitored between the alteration of ERS in the study population and heart rate (β = 1.030, 95% CI 0.730 - 1.330 in 1239; β = 1.085, 95% CI 0.777 - 1.393 in 1061). Significant associations of ERS with higher heart rates were also pointed out (Ps less then 0.05). Our study elucidates the association of the cumulative exposure of heavy metals as mixtures and heart rate among Chinese preschoolers. Further research is obliged to corroborate these findings in longitudinal studies.The ecological risks caused by the coexistence of pollutants such as arsenic (As) and polystyrene-nanoplastics (PSNPs) in the environment have become a non-negligible problem. However, the effects of As and PSNPs co-exposure on mammals and the underlying toxicity mechanisms have remained unclear. Therefore, the present study established mouse models of As and/or PSNPS exposure to systematically analyze the underlying role of autophagy, apoptosis and pyroptosis in hepatotoxicity induced by co-exposure of As and PSNPs. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that mice co-exposure to As and PSNPs displayed significant pathological changes in the liver, while exposure to As or PSNPs alone did not produce significant toxic effects. More importantly, As and PSNPs co-exposure activated excessive autophagy through altered expression levels of PI3K, mTOR, Beclin-1, ATG5, LC3 and P62. Meanwhile, co-treatment with As and PSNPs induced apoptosis in the liver, which was confirmed by ultrastructure observation and changes in the expression of apoptosis indicators (P53, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Cleaved-Caspase-3 and Cytc). Additionally, co-exposure of As and PSNPs induced pyroptosis in the liver through NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway via targeting NLRP3, ASC, Pro-Caspase-1, GSDMD and Cleaved-Caspase-1 expressions. Overall, our findings provide deeper insight into the roles of apoptosis, pyroptosis and excessive autophagy in the aggravation of liver injury, which could contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between As and PSNPS exposure and the molecular mechanisms of hepatotoxicity.Nanoplastics are regarded as inert particulate pollutants pose potential threat to organisms. It has been verified that they can penetrate biological barriers and accumulate in organisms; however, there is still a knowledge gap on the in vivo stability and degradation behaviors due to the lack of ideal analytical methods. Herein, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tag labeling technique was developed to study the in vivo behaviors of polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics by comparison with silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs). The labeled NPs were composed of gold NP core, attached Raman reporters as well as PS and silica shell, respectively, demonstrating strong SERS signals which were responsive to the compactness of the shells. The labeled NPs enabled the probing of in vivo structural stability of PS and silica in the liver, spleen and lung of mice after intravenous injection via the time-dependent evolution of SERS signal intensity and gold element content in the organs. The results indicated that both PS and silica model NPs retained in these organs without apparent excretion within 28 d. However, the structural stabilities of PS and silica differed dramatically as reflected by the SERS signal and tissue slice characterization. The silica shell completely degraded whereas the PS shell was still compact. Our results verified the long-term accumulation and in vivo inert property of nanoplastics, hinting that they were distinct from natural NPs and probably induce higher health risks from the aspect of the non-degradation property.Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) used in haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cryopreservation has been linked to an increased incidence of adverse reactions following transplantation. In the interest of reducing the required DMSO concentrations, we have evaluated the use of unilamellar liposomes to internalize the non-toxic, cell-impermeable disaccharide, trehalose into HSCs and characterized the cryoprotective efficacy of this strategy. A fluorescent marker, 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (200 μmol/L), was used for trehalose internalization following a 5 h incubation at 37 °C with liposome concentrations ranging from 0.5 mM to 4 mM. Cells were frozen (1 °C/min to -80 °C) following treatment with either 3 mM or 4 mM of liposomes (5 h, 37 °C) containing 0.2 mol/L trehalose either in the presence or absence of 0.2 mol/L extracellular trehalose. Increasing the liposome concentration from 3 mM to 4 mM corresponded to a significant (p = 0.046) increase in the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) (3 mM 512 ± 7.07; 4 mM 916 ± 28.3). Post-thaw membrane integrity indicated that the presence of trehalose both inside and outside when internalized using a liposome concentration of 4 mM significantly improved survival relative to the sole presence of extracellular trehalose (p = 0.02). However, viability was diminished relative to a standard DMSO control (trehalose 32.5% ± 1.7%; DMSO 85.0% ± 4.6%). This study confirms that the protective efficacy of trehalose is enhanced when it is present on both sides of the membrane; however, it reinforces concerns surrounding the efficiency of using liposomes as a vehicle to transfer trehalose into cells.Strongyloides' developmental switch between direct, parasitic and indirect, free-living development has intrigued, confused, and fascinated biologists since it was first discovered more than 100 years ago. Proximately, the switch is controlled by environmental conditions that developing larvae are exposed to, but genotypes differ in their sensitivity to these cues. Ultimately, selection will act on this switch to generate a direct vs. indirect phenotype that maximises a genotype's fitness, but we have a poor understanding of the relative fitness advantages of these different routes of development. Mechanistically, the switch senses and transduces environmental cues, integrates signals that are then used to make a developmental decision which is then enacted. Seeking to understand the molecular form of this process has focussed on the C. elegans dauer hypothesis, but this has been found to be wanting. So, we argue that the time has come to move beyond the dauer hypothesis and better refine our question to ask What is it that controls the variation in developmental switching among Strongyloides genotypes? We discuss approaches to achieve this research aim that now lies within our grasp.